Table 3.
Antibiotic utilization in the baseline, PNAFish, and rmPCR periods
| Denominatora | Antibiotic used? | Duration of use | p valuec | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | ≥24 hb | Mean (±SD) duration, h | |||
| Vancomycin | 1228 | 566 (46%) | 452 (37%) | 44 (±98) | – |
| Baseline | 397 | 197 (50%) | 161 (41%) | 53 (±119) | Ref. |
| PNAFish | 408 | 196 (48%) | 164 (40%) | 44 (±94) | 0.20 |
| rmPCR | 422 | 172 (41%) | 126 (30%) | 35 (±79) | 0.01 |
| Vancomycin + CoNSd | 248 | 66 (27%) | 54 (22%) | 19 (±57) | – |
| Baseline | 82 | 27 (33%) | 25 (30%) | 31 (±81) | Ref. |
| PNAFish | 74 | 17 (23%) | 14 (19%) | 12 (±29) | 0.05 |
| rmPCR | 91 | 21 (23%) | 14 (15%) | 14 (±45) | 0.10 |
| Vancomycin + MSSA | 124 | 69 (56%) | 49 (40%) | 22 (±33) | – |
| Baseline | 44 | 28 (64%) | 21 (48%) | 30 (±45) | Ref. |
| PNAFish | 39 | 28 (72%) | 22 (56%) | 26 (±23) | 0.55 |
| rmPCR | 41 | 13 (32%) | 6 (15%) | 9 (±19) | 0.01 |
| Broad-spectrum gram-negative antibioticse | 1228 | 265 (22%) | 212 (17%) | 28 (±105) | – |
| Baseline | 397 | 68 (17%) | 59 (15%) | 26 (±108) | Ref. |
| PNAFish | 408 | 88 (22%) | 72 (18%) | 27 (±94) | 0.91 |
| rmPCR | 422 | 108 (26%) | 80 (19%) | 31 (±111) | 0.56 |
| Broad-spectrum gram-negative antibiotics + gram-negative organismse | 280 | 104 (37%) | 87 (31%) | 47 (±118) | – |
| Baseline | 90 | 31 (34%) | 29 (32%) | 53 (±143) | Ref. |
| PNAFish | 84 | 24 (29%) | 21 (25%) | 37 (±102) | 0.40 |
| rmPCR | 106 | 49 (46%) | 37 (35%) | 51 (±105) | 0.88 |
| Carbapenems | 1228 | 130 (11%) | 118 (10%) | 20 (±100) | – |
| Baseline | 397 | 44 (11%) | 43 (11%) | 20 (±95) | Ref. |
| PNAFish | 408 | 38 (9%) | 33 (8%) | 20 (±97) | 0.99 |
| rmPCR | 422 | 47 (11%) | 41 (10%) | 20 (±107) | 0.98 |
| Carbapenems + gram-negative organisms | 280 | 70 (25%) | 64 (23%) | 40 (±123) | – |
| Baseline | 90 | 29 (32%) | 29 (32%) | 55 (±144) | Ref. |
| PNAFish | 84 | 12 (14%) | 10 (12%) | 29 (±117) | 0.19 |
| rmPCR | 106 | 29 (27%) | 25 (24%) | 37 (±107) | 0.32 |
aDenominator is the number of bacteremic episodes in each category. For example, the total number of bacteremic episodes in the baseline period is 397; the total number of bacteremic episodes in which CoNS was identified is 82 in the baseline period
bTotal number (percent) of episodes in which the antibiotic was used for >24 h. The denominator is the total number of episodes in the category
cAll p values are reported in comparison to the duration in the baseline period
dCoNS infections were included for children in whom CoNS was isolated from a blood culture that was not drawn from a central line and not drawn in the newborn intensive care unit
eBroad-spectrum gram-negative antibiotics include carbapenems, piperacillin/tazobactam, and cefepime