Table 1.

Characteristics of Pain, Disability, Range of Motion, and HRQOL Outcomes

	Most reported outcome, no. (%)
	Pain	Disability	Range of motion	HRQOL
Studies (n=185)	165 (89.2)	118 (63.8)	72 (39.9)	45 (24.3)
Studies citing this as the primary outcome (n=31)*	13 (41.9)	19 (61.3)	0 (0)	1 (3.2)
Instruments
Self-reported	62 (88.6)	43 (100)	0 (0)	19 (100)
Total reported	70	43	41	19

^*Among 40 studies that identified the primary outcome, we considered only the 31 trials reporting one outcome as the primary outcome in the Methods section or using it for sample size calculation. This included 9 trials that used combined outcomes and 7 trials in which the primary outcome was not one of the four most reported outcomes.

HRQOL=health-related quality of life.