Table 1.

Summary of sex differences in stroke therapies.

Therapy		Males	Females
Clinical
Thrombolytics
Tissue Plasminogen Activator		Improves outcome	Improves outcome Females fair worse than men without tPA administration
Recombinant Prourokinase Endovascular Intervention		Improves outcome Improves outcome	Improves outcome Females fare worse than men without r-proUK administration Improves outcome Beneficial to both sexes independent of tPA treatment
Cortical Stimulation
rTMS		Can enhance recovery	Can enhance recovery, More effective, longer lasting inhibition in normal subjects
rTDS		Can enhance recovery	Can enhance recovery More effective, longer lasting inhibition in normal subjects
Stem Cells
Effects of Cellular Sex		Different pro- and anti-inflammatory markers – effects not yet studied	Different pro- and anti-inflammatory markers than females May have a higher risk of tumor formation
Transplantation		May improve recovery – sex differences not yet examined	May improve recovery – sex differences not yet examined
Preclinical
Ant i-Inflammation
Minocycline		Varying efficacy in human trials without examination of sex differentiation In rodents, reduction of infarct volume may be limited to males	Varying efficacy in human trials without examination of sex differentiation In rodents, ineffective in females, both normal and ovariectomized
Cell Survival
IGF-1		Improves stroke outcome	Improves stroke outcome Can reverse estrogenic toxicity
anti-Let7F		No Effect	Improves outcome, only in gonadally intact
Cell Death Inhibition
PARP-1 Inhibition		Required for minocycline effectivity Can decrease infarct volume and ameliorate neurological deficits	Can decrease infarct volume and ameliorate neurological deficits
Nitric Oxide Reduction		Neuroprotective	Harmful – can lead to worse outcome
Caspase Inhibition		No effects	Neuroprotective