Table 5. Multivariable logistic regression models predicting pathologic sperm parameters according to WHO 2010 criteria and presence of comorbidities in the whole cohort of patients (n = 827).

	Oligospermiaa	Low motilityb	Pathologic morphologyc	Comorbidityd
	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
	p	p	p	p
Age (years)	0.99 (0.95–1.03)	1.01 (0.97–1.05)	0.98 (0.95–1.02)	1.03 (0.97–1.03)
	0.68	0.61	0.55	0.15
LBW	0.44 (0.17–1.12)	3.17 (1.14–8.87)	2.06 (0.92–4.62)	3.71 (1.73–7.94)
	0.08	0.02	0.04	0.001
+Varicocele	1.13 (0.71–1.82)	1.66 (1.01–2.70)	1.03 (0.61–1.64)	0.70 (0.45–1.35)
	0.59	0.04	0.86	0.22
CCI≥1	1.54 (0.61–3.90)	0.70 (0.28–1.70)	1.28 (0.54–3.01)	--
	0.35	0.43	0.56	--
FSH	1.25 (1.17–1.34)	1.03 (0.97–1.06)	1.04 (1.05–1.09)	1.01 (0.91–1.12)
	<0.001	0.30	0.02	0.13
BMI	1.05 (0.98–1.13)	1.04 (0.97–1.12)	0.98 (0.95–1.05)	0.95 (0.82–1.01)
	0.16	0.22	0.66	0.33
Alcohol yes vs no	1.38 (0.65–2.93)	1.49 (0.72–3.10)	1.14 (0.57–2.29)	0.55 (0.21–1.22)
	0.40	0.27	0.70	0.14
Smoke yes vs no	1.26 (0.76–2.07)	0.86 (0.51–1.45)	1.21 (0.76–1.93)	0.75 (0.42–1.53)
	0.36	0.59	0.41	0.42

LBW = low birth weight; CCI = Charlson Comorbidity Index; BMI = body mass index;

^a. Sperm concentration <15x10⁶/mL

^b. Progressive motility <32%

^c. Normal morphology <4%

^d. Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥1