Table 2. Socio-demographic characteristics according to smoking history among men with HIV in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa (n = 279).
| Current Smoking (n = 92) | Former Smoking (n = 117) | Never Smoking (n = 70) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic° | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | P‡ |
| Cases with TB | 49 (53) | 66 (56) | 31 (44) | 0.27 |
| Controls without TB | 43 (47) | 51 (44) | 39 (56) | |
| Age (years), (n = 278) | ||||
| Median [IQR] | 37 [32–45] | 41 [35–49] | 36 [32–42] | <0.001 |
| Education, (n = 272) | ||||
| 5th grade or lower | 14 (16) | 13 (11) | 8 (12) | 0.21 |
| 6th grade to 11th grade | 59 (66) | 81 (71) | 39 (57) | |
| 12th grade or higher | 17 (19) | 20 (18) | 21 (31) | |
| Employed, (n = 261) | 42 (49) | 51 (47) | 31 (46) | 0.95 |
| Unemployed | 44 (51) | 57 (53) | 36 (54) | |
| Monthly household income, (n = 235)† | ||||
| 0–999 ZAR | 45 (56) | 52 (52) | 36 (56) | 0.35 |
| 1000–4999 ZAR | 31 (38) | 37 (37) | 18 (28) | |
| ≥5000 ZAR | 5 (6) | 11 (11) | 10 (16) | |
| Electricity to heat house, (n = 265) | 59 (69) | 92 (81) | 53 (79) | 0.12 |
| No electricity to heat house | 26 (31) | 21 (19) | 14 (21) | |
| BMI (kg/m2), (n = 239) | ||||
| Median [IQR] | 22 [20–26] | 24 [21–26] | 24 [22–27] | 0.15 |
| CD4 (cells/mm3), (n = 237) | ||||
| Median [IQR] | 68 [38–145] | 71 [36–143] | 57 [7–93] | 0.02 |
| Viral load (copies/ul, thousands), (n = 242) | ||||
| Median [IQR] | 128 [35–327] | 147 [43–500] | 82 [17–439] | 0.18 |
| Duration of HIV Infection (days), (n = 208) | ||||
| Median [IQR] | 39 [22–124] | 51 [25–233] | 42 [22–166] | 0.52 |
| Previous TB (n = 260) | 11 (13) | 17 (16) | 5 (8) | 0.30 |
| No previous TB disease | 74 (87) | 92 (84) | 61 (92) | |
| Cigarettes per day, (n = 168)* | ||||
| Median [IQR] | 5.0 [3–10] | 3.0 [3–5] | 0 [0–0] | 0.18 |
| Years smoking, (n = 188)* | ||||
| Median [IQR] | 20 [13–26] | 23 [16–30] | 0 [0–0] | 0.04 |
| Pack years, (n = 160)* | ||||
| Median [IQR] | 5 [3–10] | 4 [2–9] | 0 [0–0] | 0.62 |
| Alcoholic drinks/week, (n = 279) | ||||
| 0 drinks/week | 13 (14) | 13 (11) | 20 (29) | <0.001 |
| 1–14 drinks/week | 56 (61) | 91 (78) | 44 (63) | |
| ≥ 15 drinks/week | 23 (25) | 13 (11) | 6 (9) |
°Total number of participants with data available listed in parentheses.
‡Pearson's chi-squared (or Fisher's exact) test for categorical variables comparing current vs. former vs. never smoking; Kruskal Wallis test for continuous variables.
†Participants were classified as having 0–999 ZAR monthly household income if income was unknown ad unemployed.
*P-value for current smoking versus former smoking.