Table 3. Association of pulmonary TB with smoking history among men with HIV in Soweto (n = 169).
| Controls (n = 74) | Cases(n = 95) | aOR(95% CI)* | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking status | ||||
| Current smoking | 18 | 37 | 3.2 (1.3–7.9) | 0.01 |
| Former smoking | 29 | 38 | 1.8 (0.8–4.4) | 0.18 |
| Never smoking | 27 | 20 | Ref | |
| Age, years | 74 | 95 | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | 0.67 |
| Education | ||||
| 5th grade or lower | 4 | 16 | Ref | |
| 6th grade - 11th grade | 52 | 65 | 0.2 (0.1–0.8) | 0.02 |
| 12th grade or higher | 18 | 14 | 0.2 (0.0–0.8) | 0.03 |
| Employment status | ||||
| Unemployed | 37 | 55 | 1.1 (0.4–3.0) | 0.83 |
| Employed | 37 | 44 | Ref | |
| Monthly household income | ||||
| 0–999 ZAR | 37 | 57 | Ref | |
| 1000–4999 ZAR | 27 | 29 | 0.7 (0.3–1.9) | 0.48 |
| ≥5000 ZAR | 10 | 9 | 0.8 (0.2–3.2) | 0.76 |
| CD4 (cells/mm3, hundreds) ϕ | 74 | 95 | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 0.88 |
| Viral load (copies/ul, thousands)ϕ | 74 | 95 | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | <0.001 |
| Duration of HIV Infection (days)ϕ | 74 | 95 | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 0.89 |
| History of previous TB | ||||
| Previous TB | 8 | 13 | 1.3 (0.4–3.9) | 0.62 |
| No previous TB disease | 66 | 82 | Ref | |
| Alcoholic drinks/week | ||||
| 0 drinks/week | 11 | 17 | Ref | |
| 1–14 drinks/week | 53 | 66 | 0.7 (0.3–1.9) | 0.50 |
| ≥ 15 drinks/week | 10 | 12 | 0.4 (0.1–1.6) | 0.19 |
*Odds ratios are adjusted for all other variables with data in this column.
ϕNumbers in table have been rounded to one decimal place. The odds ratios (95% CI) are: CD4 0.971 (0.665–1.418); viral load 1.003 (1.001–1.005); HIV duration 0.999 (0.999–1.000).