Table 5. Odds ratios (ORs) of alcohol intake to predict the risk of HbA1c levels of ≥ 5.7%, ≥ 6.1%, and ≥ 6.5%.

	For HbA1c ≥ 5.7%		For HbA1c ≥ 6.1%		For HbA1c ≥ 6.5%
	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P
Total
None	Reference		Reference		Reference
Alcohol intake (<30 g/day)	0.90 (0.80–1.01)	0.060	0.83 (0.70–0.97)	0.022	0.82 (0.61–1.09)	0.175
Alcohol intake (≥30 g/day)	0.56 (0.47–0.66)	<0.001	0.42 (0.32–0.54)	<0.001	0.32 (0.20–0.52)	<0.001
Men
None	Reference		Reference		Reference
Alcohol intake (<30 g/day)	0.85 (0.70–1.04)	0.106	0.65 (0.50–0.84)	0.001	0.64 (0.41–1.00)	0.050
Alcohol intake (≥30 g/day)	0.56 (0.44–0.70)	<0.001	0.40 (0.29–0.56)	<0.001	0.32 (0.18–0.57)	<0.001
Women
None	Reference		Reference		Reference
Alcohol intake (<30 g/day)	0.91 (0.79–1.05)	0.211	0.98 (0.79–1.21)	0.856	0.97 (0.66–1.41)	0.855
Alcohol intake (≥30 g/day)	0.37 (0.25–0.55)	<0.001	0.22 (0.10–0.45)	<0.001	0.12 (0.02–0.59)	0.009

Covariates: age, sex, and fasting plasma glucose, college graduation, smoking history (never, past, and current smoking), the presence of hypertension, waist circumference, serum total cholesterol, serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, serum triglyceride, the presence of anemia, serum white blood cell counts, serum alanine aminotransferase.