TABLE II.

Change in Endothelial Function and Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress

		Purple grape juice		Clear apple juice		Adjusted difference (95% CI)	P-value
	N	Before	After	Before	After
Endothelial functiona
RH-PAT Index Score	24	1.75 (0.52)	1.75 (0.39)	1.57 (0.36)	1.83 (0.47)	−0.16 (−0.42–0.11)	0.25
Biomarkersb
Oxidized LDL (U/L)	24	61.72 (15.11)	66.73 (17.20)	66.19 (13.43)	66.57 (13.76)	3.09 (−2.73–8.91)	0.29
MPO (ng/ml)	24	117.3 (98.6,138)	107.0 (91.7,131)	116.2 (92.6,142)	116.1 (99.1,144)	0.92 (0.82–1.03)	0.15
hs-CRP (mg/L)	24	0.19 (0.09,0.41)	0.33 (0.15,0.73)	0.24 (0.07,0.55)	0.24 (0.11,0.85)	1.34 (0.69–2.62)	0.37

Data are reported as means (SD) and difference of least square means (95% CI) for normally distributed variables. Median (IQR) is reported for MPO and hs-CRP, which were log transformed prior to analyses; the difference of log-transformed least square means (95% CI) were back transformed to obtain the ratio of means (95% CI). The adjusted differences and P-values are from a mixed effects ANCOVA model with baseline included as a covariate, subject as a random effect, and juice, period, and group as fixed effects. RH-PAT, reactive hyperemia peripheral arterial tonometry; MPO, myeloperoxidase; and hs-CRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein.

^aUnable to obtain RHI scores after the vascular test for two subjects before the apple juice supplementation; a weighted estimate was calculated using complete and incomplete measurements.

^bThe blood draw was unsuccessful for four subjects at one of the four clinic visits; the weighted estimate includes available data from all 24 participants as above.