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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Pain. 2016 Sep 9;17(12):1302–1317. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2016.08.011

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Target locations are standardized based on an individual’s hip height, trunk length, and arm length such that the high target could be reached, with the shoulder flexed to 90 degrees and the elbow extended, simply by flexing the hips 15 degrees. The middle and low targets could, in theory, be reached by flexing the hips 30 and 60 degrees respectively. It should be noted that participants were not positioned as shown; rather this illustration shows how the target locations were normalized to each individual.