Table 2. Factors associated with risk of pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma.
| Characteristics | Odds ratio* | (95% confidence interval) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall; ages 0-19 years (1216 cases/4485 controls) | |||
| Birth weight (in grams) | |||
| Low (<2500) | 0.79 | (0.58, 1.07) | 0.13 |
| Normal (2500-3999) | Reference | ||
| High (≥4000) | 1.23 | (1.02, 1.48) | 0.03 |
| Per 1,000g increase | 1.16 | (1.03, 1.30) | 0.01 |
| Birth Order | |||
| 1st | Reference | ||
| 2nd | 1.02 | (0.87, 1.19) | 0.79 |
| 3rd or higher | 0.80 | (0.67, 0.95) | 0.01 |
| Maternal Age at Delivery (in years) | |||
| <20 | 0.66 | (0.48, 0.89) | <0.01 |
| 20-24 | 0.73 | (0.60, 0.88) | <0.01 |
| 25-29 | Reference | ||
| 30-34 | 1.03 | (0.86, 1.24) | 0.76 |
| ≥35 | 0.94 | (0.73, 1.21) | 0.63 |
| Paternal Age at Delivery (in years) | |||
| <20 | 0.99 | (0.66, 1.51) | 0.98 |
| 20-24 | 0.76 | (0.61, 0.95) | 0.02 |
| 25-29 | Reference | ||
| 30-34 | 0.94 | (0.78, 1.14) | 0.54 |
| ≥35 | 1.22 | (0.98, 1.52) | 0.08 |
| Unknown | 0.90 | (0.63, 1.28) | 0.56 |
| Ages 0-10 years (241 cases/904 controls) | |||
| Birth weight (in grams) | |||
| Low (<2500) | 0.64 | (0.28, 1.44) | 0.28 |
| Normal (2500-3999) | Reference | ||
| High (≥4000) | 1.56 | (1.04, 2.34) | 0.03 |
| Per 1,000g increase | 1.28 | (0.97, 1.69) | 0.08 |
| Maternal education level | |||
| 12th grade or less | Reference | ||
| More than 12th grade | 1.14 | (0.75, 1.71) | 0.54 |
| Unknown | 15.64 | (1.71, 142.6) | 0.01 |
| Ages 11-14 years (326 cases/1196 controls) | |||
| Birth weight (in grams) | |||
| Low (<2500) | 1.40 | (0.83, 2.37) | 0.21 |
| Normal (2500-3999) | Reference | ||
| High (≥4000) | 0.81 | (0.55, 1.20) | 0.30 |
| Per 1,000g increase | 0.87 | (0.70, 1.09) | 0.22 |
| Maternal Birthplace | |||
| United States | 1.00 | (Reference) | |
| Foreign | 1.52 | (1.10, 2.10) | 0.01 |
| % population living in poverty (by zip code) | |||
| <5% | 0.66 | (0.41, 1.06) | 0.08 |
| 5-9% | 0.90 | (0.64, 1.27) | 0.54 |
| 10-19% | Reference | ||
| ≥20% | 0.86 | (0.59, 1.25) | 0.43 |
| Unknown | 0.20 | (0.06, 0.67) | 0.01 |
| Ages 15-19 years (649 cases/2385 controls) | |||
| Birth weight (in grams) | |||
| Low (<2500) | 0.56 | (0.36, 0.89) | 0.01 |
| Normal (2500-3999) | Reference | ||
| High (≥4000) | 1.43 | (1.11, 1.83) | <0.01 |
| Per 1,000g increase | 1.33 | (1.13, 1.57) | <0.01 |
| Birth Order | |||
| 1st | Reference | ||
| 2nd | 0.96 | (0.77, 1.19) | 0.69 |
| 3rd or higher | 0.66 | (0.52, 0.84) | <0.01 |
| Maternal Age at Delivery (in years) | |||
| <20 | 0.48 | (0.30, 0.76) | <0.01 |
| 20-24 | 0.67 | (0.51, 0.87) | <0.01 |
| 25-29 | Reference | ||
| 30-34 | 1.01 | (0.78, 1.31) | 0.93 |
| ≥35 | 0.90 | (0.63, 1.29) | 0.57 |
| Maternal education level | |||
| 12th grade or less | Reference | ||
| More than 12th grade | 0.90 | (0.67, 1.23) | 0.51 |
| Unknown | 1.23 | (0.37, 4.06) | 0.74 |
| Paternal Age at Delivery (in years) | |||
| <20 | 0.99 | (0.51, 1.93) | 0.98 |
| 20-24 | 0.69 | (0.51, 0.95) | 0.02 |
| 25-29 | Reference | ||
| 30-34 | 0.93 | (0.72, 1.20) | 0.57 |
| ≥35 | 1.37 | (1.02, 1.84) | 0.04 |
| Unknown | 0.72 | (0.41, 1.25) | 0.24 |
| % population living in poverty (by zip code) | |||
| <5% | 1.30 | (0.97, 1.75) | 0.08 |
| 5-9% | 0.84 | (0.64, 1.09) | 0.18 |
| 10-19% | Reference | ||
| ≥20% | 1.01 | (0.76, 1.35) | 0.94 |
| Unknown | 0.82 | (0.47, 1.44) | 0.49 |
*
Odds ratios were derived from multivariable stepwise conditional logistic regression; all variables in the model were mutually adjusted for each other.