Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with idiopathic or diabetic gastroparesis
| Characteristic | Etiology
|
Total (n=159) | p-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Idiopathic (n=107) | Diabetic (n=52) | |||
| Demographics | ||||
| Gender: females | 97 (90.7%) | 38 (73.1%) | 135 (84.9%) | 0.008 |
| Age (years) | 43.6 ± 14.0 | 46.9 ± 11.8 | 44.7 ± 13.3 | 0.14 |
| Hispanic | 9 (8.4%) | 13 (25.0%) | 22 (13.8%) | 0.007 |
| Race: white | 98 (91.6%) | 42 (80.8%) | 140 (88.1%) | 0.07 |
| Gastroparesis history | ||||
| Duration of symptoms (years) | 6.0 ± 6.5 | 8.1 ± 7.8 | 6.7 ± 7.0 | 0.08 |
| Onset of gastroparesis symptoms | 0.50 | |||
| Acute | 46 (43.0%) | 20 (38.5%) | 66 (41.5%) | |
| Insidious or gradual | 59 (55.1%) | 32 (61.5%) | 91 (57.2%) | |
| Predominant symptom prompting gastroparesis evaluation | 0.26 | |||
| Nausea | 37 (34.6%) | 11 (21.2%) | 48 (30.2%) | |
| Vomiting | 15 (14.0%) | 8 (15.4%) | 23 (14.5%) | |
| Abdominal pain | 24 (22.4%) | 11 (21.2%) | 35 (22.0%) | |
| Other | 31 (29.0%) | 22 (42.3%) | 53 (33.3%) | |
| Nature of gastroparesis symptoms: | 0.70 | |||
| Chronic, but stable | 20 (18.9%) | 6 (11.5%) | 26 (16.5%) | |
| Chronic, but progressive worsening | 22 (20.8%) | 11 (21.2%) | 33 (20.9%) | |
| Chronic, but some improvement | 10 (9.4%) | 8 (15.4%) | 18 (11.4%) | |
| Chronic with periodic exacerbations | 37 (34.9%) | 17 (32.3%) | 54 (34.2%) | |
| Cyclic pattern | 16 (15.1%) | 9 (17.3%) | 25 (15.8%) | |
| Asymptomatic | 1 (0.9%) | 1 (1.9%) | 2 (1.3%) | |
| Gastroparesis severity: | 0.47 | |||
| Mild (grade 1) | 20 (18.7%) | 12 (23.1%) | 32 (20.1%) | |
| Compensated (grade 2) | 74 (69.2%) | 31 (59.6%) | 105 (66.0%) | |
| Gastric failure (grade 3) | 13 (12.2%) | 9 (17.3%) | 22 (13.8%) | |
| Weight history | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.5 ± 8.2 | 29.3 ± 6.7 | 27.4 ± 7.8 | 0.03 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Diabetes | ||||
| Type 1 | 35 (67.3%) | |||
| Type 2 | 17 (32.7%) | |||
| Hospitalization for gastroparesis in the past year | 22 (20.6%) | 22 (42.3%) | 44 (27.7%) | 0.004 |
| Number of hospitalizations for gastroparesis in the past year | 2.4 ± 1.7 | 7.0 ± 11.0 | 4.7 ± 8.2 | 0.06 |
| Use of G tube | 3 (2.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (1.9%) | 0.55 |
| Use of J tube | 2 (1.9%) | 1 (1.9%) | 3 (1.9%) | 1.00 |
| Presence of central line | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (7.7%) | 4 (2.7%) | 0.01 |
| Presence of gastric stimulator | 5 (4.7%) | 10 (19.2%) | 15 (9.4%) | 0.007 |
| Use of prokinetics | 34 (31.8%) | 22 (42.3%) | 56 (35.2%) | 0.19 |
| Use of Botox (ever) | 28 (26.2%) | 19 (36.5%) | 47 (29.6%) | 0.20 |
| Use of antinausea medications | 87 (81.3%) | 42 (80.8%) | 129 (81.1%) | 1.00 |
| Use of narcotics | 87 (35.5%) | 20 (38.5%) | 58 (36.5%) | 0.72 |
| Use of alternative medications | 53 (49.5%) | 12 (23.1%) | 65 (40.9%) | 0.002 |
| PAGI-SYM symptom severity (0–5) ¶ | ||||
| Nausea score | 2.9 ± 1.6 | 3.0 ± 1.6 | 2.9 ± 1.6 | 0.64 |
| Vomiting score | 0.9 ± 1.4 | 1.9 ± 1.8 | 1.2 ± 1.6 | 0.0001 |
| Retching score | 1.1 ± 1.5 | 1.8 ± 1.7 | 1.4 ± 1.6 | 0.01 |
| Nausea sub-score | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 2.3 ± 1.5 | 1.8 ± 1.4 | 0.006 |
| Satiety sub-score | 3.3 ± 1.2 | 3.3 ± 1.3 | 3.3 ± 1.2 | 0.88 |
| Bloating sub-sore | 3.1 ± 1.6 | 3.0 ± 1.7 | 3.0 ± 1.6 | 0.88 |
| Cardinal symptom index (GCSI) | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 2.9 ± 1.1 | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 0.27 |
| Upper abdominal pain sub-score | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 2.8 ± 1.5 | 2.8 ± 1.5 | 0.93 |
| GERD sub-score | 1.8 ± 1.3 | 1.8 ± 1.5 | 1.8 ± 1.4 | 0.89 |
| Predominant symptom of PAGI-SYM | 0.15 | |||
| Nausea | 31 (29.0%) | 13 (25.0%) | 44 (27.7%) | |
| Vomiting | 5 (4.7%) | 2 (3.9%) | 7 (4.4%) | |
| Upper abdominal pain or discomfort | 18 (16.8%) | 3 (5.8%) | 21 (13.2%) | |
| Other | 53 (49.5%) | 34 (65.4%) | 87 (54.7%) | |
| PAGI-QOL (0–5) § | ||||
| Activity sub-score | 2.6 ± 1.2 | 2.9 ± 1.2 | 2.7 ± 1.2 | 0.29 |
| Clothing sub-score | 2.9 ± 1.7 | 3.0 ± 1.9 | 2.9 ± 1.7 | 0.58 |
| Diet sub-score | 1.6 ± 1.3 | 2.2 ± 1.4 | 1.8 ± 1.3 | 0.006 |
| Relationship sub-score | 3.4 ± 1.2 | 3.3 ± 1.5 | 3.3 ± 1.3 | 0.56 |
| Psychology sub-score | 3.3 ± 1.3 | 3.1 ± 1.5 | 3.2 ± 1.4 | 0.39 |
| Total PAGI-QOL | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 2.9 ± 1.3 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 0.47 |
| SF-36v2 Health Survey (past 4 weeks) ‡ | ||||
| Physical health summary measure | 33.7 ± 9.7 | 33.8 ± 11.4 | 33.7 ± 10.2 | 0.94 |
| Mental health summary measure | 43.0 ± 13.5 | 41.1 ± 13.8 | 42.4 ± 13.6 | 0.41 |
| Solid gastric scintigraphy | ||||
| Percent retention at 1 hour | 79.3 ± 13.8 | 80.8 ± 12.6 | 79.8 ± 13.3 | 0.51 |
| Percent retention at 2 hours | 63.0 ± 16.3 | 64.7 ± 19.0 | 63.6 ± 17.2 | 0.58 |
| Percent retention at 4 hours | 26.5 ± 16.5 | 37.1 ± 22.3 | 30.0 ± 19.1 | 0.0009 |
| Liquid gastric scintigraphy | ||||
| Percent retention at 30 minutes | 63.1 ± 17.3 | 68.6 ± 17.4 | 65.0 ± 17.4 | 0.19 |
| Percent retention at 1 hour | 49.1 ± 16.6 | 50.8 ± 19.7 | 49.7 ± 17.6 | 0.66 |
Data are means ± standard deviations or number (percents).
Nausea/vomiting severity is a subscale from the Patient Assessment of Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders Symptom Severity Index (PAGI-SYM). It is the average of the nausea, retching, and vomiting severity scores.
The significance of difference in categorical variables between groups was tested with a chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. Continuous variables were analyzed with a t-test. All P values are two-sided.
Subscales derived from the Patient Assessment of Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders-Quality of Life (PAGI-QOL). Scales have been recoded so that a higher score reflects a higher QOL.
Scores on the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey V2 (SF-36v2) standard recall were normalized to the 1998 U.S. general population with a mean (±SD) of 50±10. A higher score reflects higher QOL or better health outcome.
Subscales derived from the Patient Assessment of Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders Symptom Severity Index (PAGI-SYM). A higher score reflects a greater severity.