Fig. 1. Effects of quercetin on hepatic inflammatory responses and macrophage phenotypes in HFD-fed obese mice.

(A) Inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, and MCP-1) and (B) an anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) in liver were determined as described in Methods. Results are means ± SEM of six mice per group. ^* P < 0.05, ^** P < 0.01, ^*** P < 0.001 compared with obese mice fed an HFD. (C) F4/80 as a macrophage marker and (D-E) M1 and M2 macrophages mRNAs in livers were determined by real-time PCR. The intensity of the bands was densitometrically measured and normalized to GAPDH transcripts. Results are means ± SEM of six mice per group. ^* P < 0.05, ^** P < 0.01 compared with obese mice fed an HFD.