Table 3.
Evidence for microbes in placental tissues, including those with PE.
| Organisms | Comments | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Multiple, including Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum | Many more in PE placentas relative to controls (p ≤ 0.0055) | (451) |
| Multiple | Half of second-trimester pregnancies have culturable or PCR-detectable bacteria/mycoplasmas | (419) |
| Multiple | 38% of placental samples were positive for selected bacteria and viruses | (452) |
| Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus rhamnosus | Bifidobacteria and L. rhamnosus (from gut) detected in 31/34 and 33/34 placental samples | (420) |
| Multiple | Detectable in 27% of all placentas and 54% of spontaneous preterm delivery | (421) |
| Multiple | 16S/NGS, major review | (400) |
| Multiple | From 16S and NGS analysis of placental tissue of 7 PE patients (12.5%) (controls all negative) | (453) |
| E. coli and L. monocytogenes | When added ex vivo can migrate to extravillous trophoblasts | (422) |
| Multiple | Review, with some focus on preterm birth | (423) |
| Multiple | Overview, some focus on preterm birth | (425) |
| Multiple | Good recent overview, with possible implication of a physiological role | (426) |
| Multiple | 320 placentas; changed microbiome as a function of excess gestational weight gain | (427) |
| Multiple | One-third of placentas from preterm births were culture-positive | (428) |
| Multiple | Major differences in placental microbiome in preterm birth | (432) |
| Plasmodium falciparum (malaria) | Increased likelihood of PE | (380) |
| Plasmodium falciparum (malaria) | Reviews of placental malaria | (454, 455) |
| Porphyromonas gingivalis | OR of PE = 6.3 if detected in umbilical cord | (456) |
| Porphyromonas gingivalis | OR 7.59 in placental tissues with hypertensive disorders | (457) |
| Treponema denticola | OR 9.39 in placental tissues with hypertensive disorders | (457) |
| Meta-analysis | Widespread occurrence of microbes in female genital tract during pregnancy | (403) |