Table 4.
Periodontal disease (PD) and preeclampsia.
| Organisms | Comments | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Meta-analyses | OR of PE increased 3.69-fold if PD before 32 weeks | (472) |
| OR of 3 for the development of PE if ureaplasmas present at first antenatal visit | (473) | |
| OR 5.56 for PD preceding PE | (474) | |
| OR 2.1 for preceding PE | (475) | |
| Extensive overview of role of oral health and periodontal disease in PE | (476) | |
| OR 3.71 for PE if history of periodontal treatment | (477) | |
| Excellent overview of likely relationship between PD and PE | (478) | |
| OR = 8.6 or 2.03 for PE if PD was present vs. controls | (479) | |
| Strong association between PD and PE (p < 0.01) | (480) | |
| Overview with many references | (481) | |
| OR for association between PD and PE = 3.73. No correlation with TNF-α or IL | (482) | |
| OR 2.46 PE:controls | (483) | |
| Excellent overviews, focusing on means of transport of microbes from mouth to reproductive tissue | (484) [see also Bobetsis et al. (485)] | |
| Relationship between C-reactive protein, PE, and severity of PD | (486) | |
| Adjusted PE RR 5.8 for Women with periodontal disease and CRP >75th percentile compared to women without periodontal disease | (487) | |
| PD prevalence 65.5% and significantly higher (p < 0.0001) in females with hypertension (RR = 1.5) | (488) | |
| Meta-analysis | (489) | |
| Periodontal bacteria “much more prevalent” in PE than controls, but OR not given | (490) | |
| Overview, stressing role of LPS | (491) | |
| Overview and meta-analysis of 25 studies | (492) | |
| OR 4.79–6.6 for PE is PD | (493) | |
| Porphyromonas gingivalis | Its LPS inhibits trophoblast invasion | (494) |
| OR = 3 overall | (495) | |
| Not stated | Significantly higher periodontal probing depth and clinical attachment level scores in the preeclamptic group compared with controls (2.98 vs. 2.11 and 3.33 vs. 2.30, respectively). | (496) |