Table 1.
Case–control studies evaluating the role of mycobacteria in sarcoidosis
| First author/Year (Ref.) | Country | Molecular technique | Sarcoidosis patients | Non-sarcoidosis controls | OR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n/N | Type of microorganisms | n/N | Type of microorganisms | ||||
| Bocart, 1992 [23] | France | PCR of 65 kDa mycobacterial antigen and IS6110 | 2/22 | MTBC | 0/22 | - | 5.49 (0.25–121.18) |
| Hofland, 2014 [20] | Netherlands | NAAT for Mycobacteria and Culture | 0/32 | - | 2/86 | 1 MTBC, 1NTM | 0.52 (0.02–11.13) |
| Robinson, 2013 [24] | USA | PCR for 16S rDNA, hsp65 and rpoB | 2/30 | NTM | 1/30 | NTM | 2.07 (0.18–24.15) |
| Oswald-Richter, 2012 [25] | USA | MALDI-IMS for ESAT-6 | 5/15 | Mycobacterium spp | 0/4 | - | 4.71 (0.21–104.49) |
| Svendsen, 2011 [26] | Denmark | BD ProbeTec IS6110 amplification | 1/52 | MTBC | 0/50 | - | 2.94 (0.12–73.93) |
| Mootha, 2010 [27] | India | PCR of 65 kDa mycobacterial antigen and IS6110 | 13/27 | 10 MTBC, 3 NTM | 2/40 | NTM | 17.64 (3.53–88.25) |
| Zhou, 2008 [28] | China | Real-time PCR of IS986 and human β-blobin gene | 20/104 | MTBC | 7/55 | MTBC | 1.63 (0.64–4.14) |
| Dubaniewicz, 2006 [29] | Poland | BD ProbeTec IS6110 amplification | 3/50 | MTBC | 0/10 | - | 1.55 (0.07–32.27) |
| Fite, 2006 [30] | Spain | PCR of IS6110 and Southern blot hybridisation | 9/23 | MTBC | 1/23 | MTBC | 14.14 (1.61–124.11) |
| Yasuhara, 2005 [31] | Japan | PCR of IS6110 | 0/6 | - | 0/6 | - | - |
| Song, 2005 [32] | USA | PCR of MTB 16S rRNA | 6/16 | MTBC | 0/16 | - | 20.43 (1.04–401.67) |
| Marcoval, 2005 [33] | Spain | NAAT for rRNA of MTBC | 0/35 | - | 0/39 | _ | - |
| Yu-Yun Lee, 2002 [34] | Taiwan | Nested PCR for mycobacterial hsp65 DNA | 7/21 | NTM | 0/16 | - | 17.07 (0.89–325.59) |
| Drake, 2002 [21] | USA | PCR of 16S rRNA, rpoB and IS6110 | 15/25 | 11 MTBC, 3 NTM, 1 both | 0/25 | _ | 75.29 (4.12–1377.06) |
| Gazouli, 2002 [22] | Greece | PCR of IS6110/IS1245/IS900/IS901, 16S rRNA, MPB64 and mtp40 | 33/46 | MTBC | 0/20 | - | 101.74 (5.74–1804.62) |
| Eish, 2002 [35] | Japan | PCR of IS6110/IS900 | 5/108 | MTBC | 2/86 | MTBC | 2.04 (0.39–10.78) |
| Klemen, 2000 [36] | Austria | PCR of IS6110 and mycobacterial chaperonin | 3/4 | NTM | 0/39 | _ | 184.33 (6.26–5425.48) |
| Li, 1999 [37] | USA | PCR of 65 kDa mycobacterialantigen and RFLP analysis | 16/20 | 2 MTBC, 14 NTM | 0/20 | _ | 150.33 (7.54–2997.83) |
| Ishige, 1999 [38] | Japan | PCR of IS6110 | 3/15 | MTBC | 1/15 | MTBC | 3.50 (0.32–38.23) |
| Wilsher, 1998 [39] | NZ | PCR of IS6110, nested PCR to amplify 85 bp sequence within the 123 bp product | 0/31 | _ | 0/10 | - | - |
| Di Alberti, 1997 [40] | Italy | Heminested PCR for 16S rRNA | 17/38 | 4 NTM, 13 Mycobacterium spp | 39/113 | 39 Mycobacterium spp | 1.54 (0.73–3.24) |
| Vokurka, 1997 [41] | France | PCR of IS6110 and DR region | 0/15 | _ | 0/27 | _ | - |
| Ozcelik, 1997 [42] | Turkey | PCR of IS6110 | 5/11 | MTBC | 2/15 | MTBC | 5.42 (0.81-36.36) |
| Popper, 1997 [43] | Austria | PCR of 65 kDa mycobacterial antigen and IS6110 | 11/35 | NTM | 0/39 | - | 37.08 (2.09–657.90) |
| El-Zaatari, 1996 [44] | USA | PCR of IS900/IS902, MAC-specific PCR assay and Western blot | 7/7 | NTM | 13/38 | NTM | 28.33 (1.50–534.74) |
| Fidler, 1993 [45] | UK | PCR of 65 kDa mycobacterial antigen and IS6110 | 7/16 | MTBC | 1/16 | MTBC | 11.67 (1.23–110.95) |
| Thakker, 1992 [46] | UK | PCR of groEL | 1/14 | MTBC | 1/11 | MTBC | 0.77 (0.04–13.87) |
| Gerdes, 1992 [47] | Germany | PCR of 16S rDNA | 0/14 | - | 0/10 | - | - |
| Mitchell, 1992 [48] | UK | Mycobacterial rRNA detection by liquid phase hybridisation | 5/5 | MTBC | 0/5 | - | 121 (2.02–7259.18) |
| Saboor, 1992 [49] | UK | PCR of IS986/IS6110 and groEL | 14/20 | 10 MTBC, 4 NTM | 5/22 | 3 MTBC, 2 NTM | 7.93 (1.99–31.59) |
| Lisby, 1993 [50] | Denmark | Nested PCR for IS900 | 0/18 | - | 0/18 | - | - |
| Grosser, 1999 [51] | Germany | PCR of IS986/IS6110 | 35/65 | MTBC | 1/34 | MTBC | 38.50 (4.96–298.57) |
| Vago, 1998 [52] | Italy | PCR of IS6110 | 2/30 | MTBC | 0/17 | - | 3.07 (0.14–67.75) |
| Richter, 1996 [53] | Germany | PCR of mycobacterial 16S rDNA | 1/24 | MTBC | 3/57 | MTBC | 0.78 (0.08–7.93) |
| Ghossein, 1994 [54] | USA | PCR of 65 kDa mycobacterial antigen | 0/10 | - | 0/10 | - | - |
| Cannone, 1997 [55] | Italy | PCR of IS6110 | 2/30 | MTBC | 0/10 | - | 1.84 (0.08–41.62) |
n Mycobacteria-positive samples, N total samples, PCR polymerase chain reaction, 65 kDa 65-Kilodalton mycobacteria antigen, IS6110 insertion sequence to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), NTM non-tuberculous mycobacteria, NAAT nucleic acid amplification test, 16S rDNA ribosomal DNA common to all mycobacteria, rpoB RNA polymerase β-subunit gene, MALDI-IMS matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization as a mass spectrometry imaging, ESAT-6 6 kDa early secretory antigenic target produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, IS986 insertion sequence to identify MTBC, rRNA ribosomal RNA, IS1245/IS900/IS901/IS902 insertion sequence to identify Mycobacterium avium complex, MPB64 mycobacterial protein, mtp40 Specific primers of MTB species, RFLP restriction fragment length polymorphism DR direct repeat, groEL gene encoding 65 kDa antigen