Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Control (N = 80) |
Group I (DM) (N = 70) |
Group II (DM+HTA) (N = 70) |
Group III (DM+CAD) (N = 70) |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 54.8 ± 4.9 | 54.8 ± 7.7 | 54.6 ± 5.8 | 55.3 ± 5.4 | 0.924 |
| Female, n (%) | 36 (45.0) | 32 (45.7) | 32 (45.7) | 32 (45.7) | 1.000 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.7 ± 3.7*#¤ | 27.5 ± 3.4 | 28.4 ± 4.6 | 28.2 ± 3.6 | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia n (%) | 15 (18.8) *#¤ | 35 (50.0) | 34 (48.6) | 36 (51.4) | <0.001 |
| Obesity (BMI > 30.0) | 13 (16.2)*#¤ | 23 (32.9) | 22 (31.4) | 23 (32.9) | 0.057 |
| DM duration (years) | - | 7.7 ± 4.9§ | 9.9 ± 5.3 | 9.2 ± 5.2 | 0.014 |
| Blood glucose level (mmol/l) | - | 7.5 ± 1.5 | 7.7 ± 1.5 | 8.0 ± 1.5 | 0.110 |
| HbA1c (%) | - | 6.95 ± 0.85Δ | 7.08 ± 0.98 | 7.34 ± 1.07 | 0.040 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.01 ± 0.89*#¤ | 5.78 ± 1.22 | 5.67 ± 1.13 | 5.78 ± 1.02 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.77 ± 0.57*#¤ | 2.46 ± 1.36 | 2.42 ± 1.14 | 2.49 ± 0.99 | <0.001 |
| Retinopathy n (%) | - | 15 (21.4) | 26 (37.1) | 20 (28.6) | 0.122 |
| Microalbuminura n (%) | - | 13 (18.6)§ | 27 (38.6) | 19 (27.1) | 0.031 |
*p < 0.05 control vs DM; # p < 0.05 control vs DM+HTA; ¤ p < 0.05 control vs DM+CAD
§ p < 0.05 DM vs DM+HTA
Δ p < 0.05 DM vs DM+CAD