Table 2.
Conventional echocardiographic parameters
| Control (N = 80) |
Group I(DM) (N = 70) |
Group II (DM+HTA) (N = 70) |
Group III (DM+CAD) (N = 70) |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Left ventricular and left atrial geometry and mass | |||||
| LV EDD (cm) | 5.03 ± 0.42 | 5.07 ± 0.44 | 5.14 ± 0.47 | 5.15 ± 0.56 | 0.386 |
| LV ESD (cm) | 3.43 ± 0.31#¤ | 3.53 ± 0.43 | 3.64 ± 0.43 | 3.67 ± 0.48 | <0.001 |
| LVM (g) | 101.76 ± 11.41*#¤ | 119.23 ± 20.01 | 122.80 ± 20.18 | 119.50 ± 20.01 | <0.001 |
| LVM index (g/m2) | 52.91 ± 4.29*#¤ | 60.70 ± 8.71 | 60.85 ± 10.28 | 60.65 ± 12.37 | <0.001 |
| LV RWT | 0.40 ± 0.04*#¤ | 0.43 ± 0.04 | 0.43 ± 0.05 | 0.42 ± 0.03 | <0.001 |
| LV concentric remodeling, n (%) | 24 (30)*#¤ | 40 (57) | 31 (44) | 40 (57) | 0.002 |
| LAV (ml) | 23.34 ± 3.75*#¤ | 30.53 ± 5.86 | 33.17 ± 7.15 | 32.18 ± 10.45 | <0.001 |
| Left atrial volume index (ml/m2) | 12.22 ± 2.24*#¤ | 15.61 ± 3.32 | 16.47 ± 3.77 | 16.31 ± 5.70 | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular systolic function | |||||
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 61.68 ± 5.49*#¤ | 56.30 ± 5.64§ | 53.43 ± 5.73 | 53.87 ± 7.11 | <0.001 |
| LV fraction of shortening (%) | 32.53 ± 3.75*#¤ | 29.61 ± 3.37§Δ | 27.40 ± 3.21 | 27.71 ± 4.05 | <0.001 |
| MAPSE (mm) | 16.43 ± 1.56*#¤ | 14.93 ± 2.20§Δ | 13.83 ± 1.60 | 13.82 ± 1.65 | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular diastolic function | |||||
| E/A ratio | 1.30 ± 0.25*#¤ | 1.10 ± 0.32§ | 0.95 ± 0.25 | 1.05 ± 0.31 | <0.001 |
| E deceleration time (msec) | 161.99 ± 21.80*#¤ | 196.83 ± 38.93§ | 206.73 ± 38.86 | 203.59 ± 34.64 | <0.001 |
| IsoVolumic Relaxation Time (msec) | 84.35 ± 29.25*#¤ | 89.74 ± 12.90§ | 96.06 ± 9.67 | 94.07 ± 13.04 | <0.001 |
| Eprim (m/s) | 0.1015 ± 0.03*#¤ | 0.0794 ± 0.03 | 0.0701 ± 0.03 | 0.0711 ± 0.04 | <0.001 |
| E/Eprim | 7.40 ± 1.42*#¤ | 10.11 ± 3.27 | 10.22 ± 3.18 | 10.36 ± 2.98 | <0.001 |
| S/D ratio | 1.37 ± 0.16#¤Δ | 1.34 ± 0.21 | 1.24 ± 0.29 | 1.23 ± 0.27 | <0.001 |
| Vp (m/s) | 0.75 ± 0.16*#¤ | 0.56 ± 0.13 | 0.52 ± 0.09 | 0.52 ± 0.13 | <0.001 |
| Systolic and diastolic LV function | |||||
| Myocardial Performance Index | 0.40 ± 0.05*#¤ | 0.47 ± 0.07§ | 0.51 ± 0.08 | 0.50 ± 0.08 | <0.001 |
LV left ventricle, LV EDD LV end diastolic diameter, LV ESD LV end systolic diameter, LVM LV mass, LVM index LV mass index, LV RWT LV relative wall thickness, LAV left atrial volume, LAVI left atrial volume index, MAPSE mitral annular plane systolic excursion, Eearly mitral inflow wave, A late mitral inflow wave, Eprim early diastolic mitral annular velocity by tissue Doppler imaging, S pulmonary venous flow systolic velocity, D pulmonary venous flow diastolic velocity, Vp mitral flow propagation velocity
*p < 0.05 control vs DM; # p < 0.05 control vs DM+HTA; ¤ p < 0.05 control vs DM+CAD
§ p < 0.05 DM vs DM+HTA
Δ p < 0.05 DM vs DM+CAD