Table 1.
Summary of training effects
| MT | Control | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Post-intervention | Change | Baseline | Post-intervention | Change | Time x Group r | |
| Primary measures | |||||||
| Attention (Stroop) | |||||||
| Mean RT | 489.3 (61.3) | 457.0 (65.4) | −32.3 (15.4, 49.0) | 465.2 (55.1) | 469.7 (51.4) | 4.4 (−17.6, 9.7) | .65 |
| Interference Cost | 129.5 (56.0) | 98.1 (37.9) | −31.4 (6.0, 57.7) | 97.0 (35.4) | 88.1 (33.9) | −8.9 (−13.4, 30.5) | .27 |
| Well-Being (BSI) | |||||||
| Somatic | 9.3 (3.4) | 7.5 (2.8) | −1.8 (−4.0, −0.0) | 6.8 (1.3) | 8.0 (2.7) | 1.2 (0.0, 5.0) | .55 |
| Depression | 9.7 (4.7) | 8.9 (3.4) | −0.8 (−1.5, 3.5) | 8.8 (3.8) | 8.8 (4.3) | 0.1 (−2.0, 1.5) | .15 |
| Anxiety | 6.4 (3.0) | 5.2 (1.4) | −1.2 (−0.5, 2.5) | 5.9 (2.5) | 5.8 (2.6) | −0.1 (−2.0, 2.0) | .22 |
| Exploratory measures | |||||||
| Attention | |||||||
| Digit span | |||||||
| Forward span | 6.2 (0.8) | 5.9 (1.2) | −0.3 (−1.0, 1.5) | 6.3 (1.1) | 6.6 (1.0) | 0.3 (−1.0, 0.0) | .31 |
| Backward span | 4.7 (1.4) | 4.5 (1.0) | −0.2 (−1.0, 1.0) | 5.8 (0.9) | 5.2 (1.3) | −0.6 (−0.5, 2.0) | .19 |
| D2 Test | |||||||
| Commit Error % | 0.5 (0.7) | 0.3 (0.4) | −0.2 (−0.1, 0.5) | 0.9 (1.8) | 0.9 (2.0) | 0 (−1.5, 1.6) | .20 |
| Omit Error % | 9.0 (5.4) | 7.4 (5.6) | −1.6 (−3.0, −0.1) | 9.1 (6.2) | 8.4 (5.5) | −0.7 (−0.6, 2.2) | .27 |
| Well-Being | |||||||
| Mindfulness | 38.2 (7.4) | 37.3 (9.0) | −0.8 (−3.0, 4.5) | 39.8 (3.8) | 39.9 (4.8) | 0.2 (−4.5, 4.0) | .08 |
| Positive affect | 32.8 (4.8) | 34.3 (6.5) | 1.5 (−4.5, 1.0) | 34.4 (5.0) | 34.6 (4.4) | 0.2 (−2.5, 1.5) | .18 |
| Negative affect | 22.8 (7.2) | 18.2 (5.2) | −4.7 (−1.0, −10.0) | 21.5 (5.9) | 20.4 (7.2) | −1.1 (−0.5, 3.5) | .26 |
| Quality of life | |||||||
| Overall | 4.2 (0.8) | 4.0 (0.7) | −0.2 (a) | 3.9 (0.6) | 3.9 (0.5) | 0.0 (−1.0, 1.0) | .14 |
| Physical | 26.6 (4.7) | 27.2 (4.7) | 0.5 (−2.5, 1.0) | 28.2 (2.6) | 28.8 (3.0) | 0.5 (−3.0, 2.0) | .03 |
| Psychological | 21.2 (3.3) | 22.2 (2.8) | 1.1 (−2.5, −0.0) | 22.0 (2.8) | 21.6 (2.8) | −0.4 (−1.5, 2.0) | .36 |
| Social | 10.8 (2.0) | 11.8 (2.0) | 0.9 (−3.0, 0.5) | 11.2 (2.0) | 11.2 (2.2) | 0 (−1.5, 1.5) | .24 |
| Personality | |||||||
| Extraversion | 26.4 (6) | 26.4 (5.9) | 0.0 (−2.0, 2.0) | 26.7 (4.9) | 27.2 (5.0) | 0.5 (−2.0, 1.0) | .20 |
| Agreeableness | 35.5 (5.5) | 35.2 (5.8) | −0.2 (−2.5, 3.0) | 34.7 (7.5) | 34.0 (6.9) | −0.7 (−0.5, 2.0) | .06 |
| Conscientiousness | 29.8 (6.7) | 30.8 (5.2) | 0.9 (−3.5, 2.0) | 31.7 (6.5) | 31.1 (6.1) | −0.6 (−1.0, 3.0) | .33 |
| Neuroticism | 20.5 (8.2) | 19.5 (6.6) | −1.1 (−1.0, 3.5) | 20.4 (4.8) | 20.8 (4.7) | 0.5 (−3.0, 2.0) | .25 |
| Openness | 39.3 (7.8) | 40.2 (7.2) | 0.8 (−4.0, 2.0) | 38.2 (4.5) | 38.0 (4.7) | −0.2 (−2.0, 3.0) | .09 |
The mean scores of each measure are displayed for each training group are displayed with standard deviations in parentheses. Mean within-group change scores are displayed with 95% confidence intervals computed from non-parametric tests. Effect sizes (r) for the group x time interaction are displayed in the rightmost column. For primary measures, effects that are significant at p < .05, corrected for multiple comparisons are in bold. Exploratory measure effects that are significant at an uncorrected p < .05 are displayed in bold
aObservation ranks were tied; no non-parametric confidence interval was available