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. 2016 Nov 29;4:60. doi: 10.1186/s40359-016-0168-6

Table 1.

Summary of training effects

MT Control
Baseline Post-intervention Change Baseline Post-intervention Change Time x Group r
Primary measures
Attention (Stroop)
  Mean RT 489.3 (61.3) 457.0 (65.4) −32.3 (15.4, 49.0) 465.2 (55.1) 469.7 (51.4) 4.4 (−17.6, 9.7) .65
  Interference Cost 129.5 (56.0) 98.1 (37.9) −31.4 (6.0, 57.7) 97.0 (35.4) 88.1 (33.9) −8.9 (−13.4, 30.5) .27
Well-Being (BSI)
  Somatic 9.3 (3.4) 7.5 (2.8) −1.8 (−4.0, −0.0) 6.8 (1.3) 8.0 (2.7) 1.2 (0.0, 5.0) .55
  Depression 9.7 (4.7) 8.9 (3.4) −0.8 (−1.5, 3.5) 8.8 (3.8) 8.8 (4.3) 0.1 (−2.0, 1.5) .15
  Anxiety 6.4 (3.0) 5.2 (1.4) −1.2 (−0.5, 2.5) 5.9 (2.5) 5.8 (2.6) −0.1 (−2.0, 2.0) .22
Exploratory measures
Attention
  Digit span
   Forward span 6.2 (0.8) 5.9 (1.2) −0.3 (−1.0, 1.5) 6.3 (1.1) 6.6 (1.0) 0.3 (−1.0, 0.0) .31
   Backward span 4.7 (1.4) 4.5 (1.0) −0.2 (−1.0, 1.0) 5.8 (0.9) 5.2 (1.3) −0.6 (−0.5, 2.0) .19
  D2 Test
   Commit Error % 0.5 (0.7) 0.3 (0.4) −0.2 (−0.1, 0.5) 0.9 (1.8) 0.9 (2.0) 0 (−1.5, 1.6) .20
   Omit Error % 9.0 (5.4) 7.4 (5.6) −1.6 (−3.0, −0.1) 9.1 (6.2) 8.4 (5.5) −0.7 (−0.6, 2.2) .27
Well-Being
  Mindfulness 38.2 (7.4) 37.3 (9.0) −0.8 (−3.0, 4.5) 39.8 (3.8) 39.9 (4.8) 0.2 (−4.5, 4.0) .08
  Positive affect 32.8 (4.8) 34.3 (6.5) 1.5 (−4.5, 1.0) 34.4 (5.0) 34.6 (4.4) 0.2 (−2.5, 1.5) .18
  Negative affect 22.8 (7.2) 18.2 (5.2) −4.7 (−1.0, −10.0) 21.5 (5.9) 20.4 (7.2) −1.1 (−0.5, 3.5) .26
  Quality of life
   Overall 4.2 (0.8) 4.0 (0.7) −0.2 (a) 3.9 (0.6) 3.9 (0.5) 0.0 (−1.0, 1.0) .14
   Physical 26.6 (4.7) 27.2 (4.7) 0.5 (−2.5, 1.0) 28.2 (2.6) 28.8 (3.0) 0.5 (−3.0, 2.0) .03
   Psychological 21.2 (3.3) 22.2 (2.8) 1.1 (−2.5, −0.0) 22.0 (2.8) 21.6 (2.8) −0.4 (−1.5, 2.0) .36
   Social 10.8 (2.0) 11.8 (2.0) 0.9 (−3.0, 0.5) 11.2 (2.0) 11.2 (2.2) 0 (−1.5, 1.5) .24
  Personality
   Extraversion 26.4 (6) 26.4 (5.9) 0.0 (−2.0, 2.0) 26.7 (4.9) 27.2 (5.0) 0.5 (−2.0, 1.0) .20
   Agreeableness 35.5 (5.5) 35.2 (5.8) −0.2 (−2.5, 3.0) 34.7 (7.5) 34.0 (6.9) −0.7 (−0.5, 2.0) .06
   Conscientiousness 29.8 (6.7) 30.8 (5.2) 0.9 (−3.5, 2.0) 31.7 (6.5) 31.1 (6.1) −0.6 (−1.0, 3.0) .33
   Neuroticism 20.5 (8.2) 19.5 (6.6) −1.1 (−1.0, 3.5) 20.4 (4.8) 20.8 (4.7) 0.5 (−3.0, 2.0) .25
   Openness 39.3 (7.8) 40.2 (7.2) 0.8 (−4.0, 2.0) 38.2 (4.5) 38.0 (4.7) −0.2 (−2.0, 3.0) .09

The mean scores of each measure are displayed for each training group are displayed with standard deviations in parentheses. Mean within-group change scores are displayed with 95% confidence intervals computed from non-parametric tests. Effect sizes (r) for the group x time interaction are displayed in the rightmost column. For primary measures, effects that are significant at p < .05, corrected for multiple comparisons are in bold. Exploratory measure effects that are significant at an uncorrected p < .05 are displayed in bold

aObservation ranks were tied; no non-parametric confidence interval was available