TABLE 2.
Sample Characteristics
| Variables | Whole Sample (N = 5366), % or mean (SD) | Black (n = 1431), % or mean (SD) | Whitea (n = 3935), % or mean (SD) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Target sex (male) | 47.9 | 42.4 | 49.9 |
| Target age (W1), y | 16.44 (0.85) | 16.42 (0.84) | 16.44 (0.86) |
| Disadvantage (W1) | 0.87 (1.13) | 1.39 (1.30) | 0.68 (0.99) |
| Family poverty | 15.2 | 28.3 | 10.8 |
| Parental education (<HS) | 17.4 | 21.4 | 16.4 |
| Parental unemployment | 8.8 | 15.2 | 6.4 |
| Single-parent status | 29.4 | 51.1 | 21.5 |
| Receipt of public assistance | 7.8 | 15.2 | 5.2 |
| Inadequate income | 16.7 | 26.3 | 13.2 |
| Striving (W1) | 2.05 (1.09) | 2.19 (1.09) | 2.00 (1.09) |
| Educational aspirations | 50.7 | 52.1 | 50.2 |
| School engagement | 57.8 | 66.2 | 54.7 |
| Belief in hard work and optimism | 59.5 | 58.8 | 59.7 |
| Single-minded focus on success | 36.9 | 41.6 | 35.2 |
| Target age (W4), y | 29.32 (0.91) | 29.33 (0.90) | 29.31 (0.91) |
| BMI (W4) | 29.07 (7.49) | 30.50 (8.34) | 28.54 (7.08) |
| Diabetes status (W4) | 5.9 | 12.3 | 3.5 |
| College degree (W4) | 34.3 | 29.4 | 36.1 |
| Personal annual income (W4) | 36.64 (48.01) | 31.62 (33.79) | 38.35 (51.86) |
| Depression (W4) | 18.9 | 13.5 | 20.9 |
Means and SDs are of the ratings of the composite variables described in Table 1. HS, high school; W1, wave 1, age 16; W4, wave 4, age 29.
a
White participants indicated that they had no Hispanic heritage.