TABLE 4.
Adjusted Means From ANCOVA of Outcomes at 3, 8, and 18 Years by Glucose Category After Controlling for Demographics and Risk Factors
| Outcomes | Glucose Groups | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤35 | 36–40 | 41–45 | 46–180 | ||
| 3-y | |||||
| Achenbach total | 43.3 (2.3) | 50.4 (2.9) | 43.7 (2.3) | 45.8 (2.0) | .09 |
| PPVT-R | 88.3 (1.6) | 86.7 (1.9) | 89.4 (1.5) | 86.2 (1.4) | .19 |
| Stanford-Binet IQ, corrected age | 87.9 (1.7) | 90.5 (2.1) | 89.8 (1.7) | 88.2 (1.5) | .46 |
| 8-y | |||||
| CBCL, total | 32.0 (2.4) | 32.4 (3.0) | 33.0 (2.4) | 34.2 (2.1) | .80 |
| PPVT-R, standard | 84.9 (2.2) | 91.6 (2.7) | 87.5 (2.2) | 86.5 (1.9) | .10 |
| WJ broad reading standard | 100.3 (2.3) | 102.1 (2.9) | 100.7 (2.3) | 98.1 (2.0) | .42 |
| WJ broad math standard | 95.7 (2.6) | 101.1 (3.2) | 98.3 (2.6) | 96.3 (2.2) | .31 |
| WISC-III verbal IQ | 95 (1.8) | 96.8 (2.2) | 97.5 (1.8) | 93.7 (1.5) | .11 |
| WISC-III performance IQ | 92.8 (1.8) | 94.9 (2.2) | 94.5 (1.8) | 91.6 (1.5) | .23 |
| WISC-III total IQ | 93.2 (1.8) | 95.4 (2.2) | 95.6 (1.7) | 91.9 (1.5) | .11 |
| 18-y | |||||
| CBCL, total | 6.0 (1.3) | 10.2 (1.5) | 8.6 (1.1) | 10.7 (1.0) | .001 |
| Youth risk behavior | 1.98 (0.4) | 1.70 (0.5) | 1.98 (0.4) | 2.65 (0.3) | .06 |
| PPVT-III, standard | 100.5 (2.2) | 100.7 (2.7) | 99.4 (2) | 99.1 (1.8) | .87 |
| WJ broad reading standard | 99.9 (2.9) | 106.7 (3.6) | 101.6 (2.7) | 102 (2.4) | .32 |
| WJ broad math standard | 93.6 (2.3) | 97.5 (2.9) | 93.6 (2.2) | 92.3 (1.9) | .30 |
| WASI, verbal, IQ | 96.2 (1.9) | 98.3 (2.4) | 96.5 (1.9) | 97.2 (1.6) | .84 |
| WASI, performance IQ | 96.3 (2) | 94.6 (2.5) | 95 (1.9) | 95 (1.6) | .87 |
| WASI, full-scale IQ | 96 (1.9) | 95.8 (2.4) | 95.4 (1.8) | 96 (1.6) | .99 |
P values <.0028 are considered to be statistically significant after correcting for multiple testing by using Bonferroni adjustment as 18 separate analyses were conducted. Means and P values were from an ANCOVA model after adjusting for intervention, site, home total environment score at 12 months, maternal preconception weight, maternal education, maternal race, infant gender, gestational age (weeks), birth weight, and neonatal health index score.