. 2016 Oct 31;8(11):316. doi: 10.3390/toxins8110316

Table 1.

Effect of piperine on: feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG) and feed conversion (FC) during the early stage (9 to 21 days), growth stage (22 to 35 days) and total period (9 to 35 days) for the broiler treatment groups.

Parameters ¹	Treatments (ppm)
Parameters ¹	CONTROL	PIPERINE (P)	AFB₁ (A)	P + A	CV *
9 to 21 days
FI (g)	1057 ^a ± 36.77	1073 ^a ± 32.91	1059 ^a ± 21.63	1082 ^a ± 13.32	2.46
WG (g)	679.3 ^a ± 43.50	692.0 ^a ± 25.53	609.30 ^b ± 31.39	692.70 ^a ± 16.80	4.42
FC	1.55 ^a ± 0.05	1.54 ^a ± 0.02	1.74 ^b ± 0.06	1.56 ^a ± 0.02	2.38
22 to 35 days
FI (g)	2220 ^a ± 75.42	2270 ^a ± 109.00	2339 ^a ± 82.39	2252 ^a ± 46.87	3.45
WG (g)	1359 ^a ± 20.98	1444 ^a ± 55.51	1320 ^a ± 68.15	1391 ^a ± 48.04	3.50
FC	1.63 ^a ± 0.05	1.57 ^a ± 0.05	1.77 ^b ± 0.06	1.61 ^a ± 0.02	2.80
9 to 35 days
FI (g)	3274 ^a ± 98.83	3343 ^a ± 114.50	3365 ^a ± 74.73	3334 ^a ± 59.36	2.61
WG (g)	2039 ^a ± 63.54	2137 ^a ± 35.27	1929 ^b ± 37.00	2064 ^a ± 81.09	2.23
FC	1.60 ^a ± 0.05	1.56 ^a ± 0.04	1.71 ^b ± 0.02	1.61 ^a ± 0.04	2.66

Note: The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of the group of 15 animals. The averages were compared by the Student-Newman–Keuls test. ¹ Coefficient of variation. ^a,b values represented by the same letter are not statistically different (p > 0.05). * Coefficients of variation (%). AFB₁: aflatoxin B₁; A: 0.5 mg·AFB₁·kg⁻¹ body weight; P: 60 ppm piperine; P + A: 60 mg piperine·kg⁻¹ feed plus 0.5 mg·AFB₁·kg⁻¹ body weight.