Table 2.
Selected measures for the evaluation of psychosocial constructs in the clinical setting
| Topic area | Measure title | Citations | Description | Validated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes-related distress | Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) | Polonsky WH, Anderson BJ, Lohrer PA, et al. Assessment of diabetes-related distress. Diabetes Care 1995;18:754–760 | 20-item measure of diabetes-specific distress measuring emotional distress and burden associated with diabetes | Adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes |
| Welch G, Weinger K, Anderson B, Polonsky WH. Responsiveness of the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) questionnaire. Diabet Med 2003;20:69–72 | ||||
| Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS) | Polonsky WH, Fisher L, Earles J, et al. Assessing psychosocial stress in diabetes: development of the Diabetes Distress Scale. Diabetes Care 2005;28:626–631 | 17-item questionnaire measuring diabetes-specific distress in four domains: emotional burden, diabetes interpersonal distress, physician-related distress, and regimen-related distress | Adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes | |
| Fisher L, Hessler DM, Polonsky WH, Mullan J. When is diabetes distress clinically meaningful? Establishing cut points for the Diabetes Distress Scale. Diabetes Care 2012;35:259–64 (39) | ||||
| PAID–Pediatric Version (PAID-Peds) | Markowitz JT, Volkening LK, Butler DA, Laffel LM. Youth-perceived burden of type 1 diabetes: Problem Areas in Diabetes Survey-Pediatric Version (PAID-Peds). J Diabetes Sci Technol 2015;9:1080–1085 | 20-item measure of diabetes burden | Youth (ages 8–17 years) with type 1 diabetes | |
| PAID–Teen Version | Weissberg-Benchell J, Antisdel-Lomaglio, J. Diabetes-specific emotional distress among adolescents: feasibility, reliability, and validity of the problem areas in diabetes-teen version. Pediatr Diabetes 2011;12:341–344 | 26-item questionnaire measuring perceived burden of diabetes | Adolescents (ages 11–19 years) with diabetes | |
| PAID–Parent Revised version (PAID-PR) | Markowitz JT, Volkening LK, Butler DA, Antisdel-Lomaglio JH, Anderson BJ, Laffel LM. Re-examining a measure of diabetes-related burden in parents of young people with type 1 diabetes: the Problem Areas in Diabetes Survey–Parent Revised version (PAID-PR). Diabet Med 2012;29:526–530 | 18-item questionnaire assessing perceived parental burden of diabetes | Parents of children and adolescents (ages 8–18 years) with type 1 diabetes | |
| Depression | Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) | Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Kroenke K, et al. Utility of new procedure for diagnosis mental-disorders in primary-care: the PRIME-MD 1000 Study. JAMA 1994;272:1749–1756 | 9-item measure of depressive symptoms (corresponding to criteria for major depressive disorder) | Adults |
| Beck Depression Inventory–II (BDI-II) | Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II, 2nd ed. San Antonio, TX, Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1996 | 21-item questionnaire evaluating somatic and cognitive symptoms of depression | Adults | |
| Child Depression Inventory (CDI) (current edition is CDI-2) | Kovacs, M. The Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI): Technical Manual Update. North Tonawanda, NY, Multi-Health Systems, 2003 | 27-item measure assessing depressive symptoms using child and parent report | Youth (ages 7–17 years) | |
| Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) | Sheikh JI, Yesavage JA. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clinical Gerontologist 1986;5:165–172 | 15-item measure was developed to assess depression in older adults | Adults (ages 55–85 years) | |
| Eating disorders | Eating Disorders Inventory–3 (EDI-3) | Garner DM. Eating Disorder Inventory-3: Professional Manual. Odessa, FL, Psychological Assessment Resources, 2004 | 2 interview and self-report surveys aimed at the measurement of psychological traits or symptom clusters relevant to the development and maintenance of eating disorders | Females (ages 13–53 years) |
| Diabetes Eating Problems Survey (DEPS-R) | Markowitz JT, Butler DA, Volkening LK, Antisdel JE, Anderson BJ, Laffel LM. Brief screening tool for disordered eating in diabetes: internal consistency and external validity in a contemporary sample of pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2010;33:495–500 | 16-item self-report measure designed to assess diabetes-specific eating issues | Youth (ages 13–19 years) with type 1 diabetes | |
| Diabetes Treatment and Satiety Scale (DTSS-20) | Young-Hyman D, Davis C, Grigsby C, Looney S, Peterson C. Development of the Diabetes Treatment and Satiety Scale: DTSS-20 (Abstract). Diabetes 2011;60(Suppl. 1):A218 | 20-item self-report measure that assesses perception of satiety and fullness in the context of food intake, physical activity, medication dosing, and glycemic levels | Youth (ages 10–17 years) with type 1 diabetes | |
| Health literacy and numeracy | General Health Numeracy Test (GHNT) | Osborn CY, Wallston KA, Shpigel A, Cavanaugh K, Kripalani S, Rothman RL. Development and validation of the General Health Numeracy Test (GHNT). Patient Educ Couns 2013;91:350–356 | 21-item self-report questionnaire designed to assess patient level of understanding of the use of numbers in medications and health | Adults |
| Diabetes Numeracy Test (DNT) | Huizinga MM, Elasy TA, Wallston KA, et al. Development and validation of the Diabetes Numeracy Test (DNT). BMC Health Ser Res 2008;1:96 | 5-, 15-, and 43-item word problem–based test to assess understanding of tables, graphs, and figures specific to the management of diabetes | Adults (ages 18–80 years) | |
| Brief Health Literacy Scale (BHLS) | Wallston KA, Cawthon C, McNaughton CD, Rothman RL, Osborn CY, Kripalani S. Psychometric properties of the Brief Health Literacy Screen in clinical practice. J Gen Intern Med 2014;29:119–126 | 3-item measure read aloud to patients in an outpatient and emergency department setting to assess understanding of health concepts | Adults | |
| Self-care efficacy | Diabetes self-efficacy | Ritter PL, Lorig K, Laurent D. Characteristics of the Spanish- and English-language self-efficacy to manage diabetes scales. Diabetes Educ 2016;42:167–177 | 8-item self-report scale designed to assess confidence in performing diabetes self-care activities | Adults |
| Self-efficacy for diabetes management | Iannotti RJ, Schneider S, Nansel TR, et al. Self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and diabetes self-management in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2006;27:98–105 (26) | 10-item self-report self-efficacy scale | Adolescents (ages 10–16 years) with type 1 diabetes | |
| Anxiety | State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) | Spielberger CD, Edwards CD, Lushene R, Monturi J, Plotzek D. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children Professional Manual. Menlo Park, CA, Mind Garden, Inc., 1973 | 40 items on two dimensions—trait and state anxiety | Youth with and without type 1 diabetes |
| Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) | Beck AT, Steer RA. Beck Anxiety Inventory Manual. San Antonio, TX, The Psychological Corporation, 1993 | 21 items assessing self-reported anxiety | Adults | |
| Hypoglycemia Fear Survey-II (HFS-II) | Cox DJ, Irvine A, Gonder-Frederick L, Nowacek G, Butterfield J. Fear of hypoglycemia: quantification, validation, and utilization. Diabetes Care 1987;10:617–621 (63) | 33 items assessing behavioral and worry dimensions of hypoglycemia in adults | Adults with type 1 diabetes | |
| Gonder-Frederick LA, Schmidt KM, Vajda KA, et al. Psychometric properties of the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey-II for adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011;34:801–806 (71) | ||||
| Children’s Hypoglycemia Index (CHI) | Kamps JL, Roberts MC, Varela RE. Development of a new fear of hypoglycemia scale: preliminary results. J Pediatr Psychol 2005;30:287–291 | Designed to assess FoH (25 items) | Youth (ages 8–16 years) with type 1 diabetes | |
| Cognitive screening in older adults | Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) | Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-mental” state: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975;12:189–198 | 11-item (30-point) screen for cognitive impairment in adults | Adults (ages 18 – 100 years) |
| Crum RM, Anthony JC, Bassett SS, Folstein MF. Population-based norms for the Mini-Mental State Examination by age and educational level. JAMA 1993;269:2386–2391 | ||||
| Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS) | Brandt J, Spencer M, Folstein M. The Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 1988;1:111–117 | 11-item measure assessing cognitive status by telephone | Adults (ages 60–98 years) | |
| Brandt J, Folstein MF. Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS) Professional Manual. Lutz, FL, Psychological Assessment Resources, 2003 | ||||
| Cognitive assessment toolkit | Cordell CB, Borson S, Boustani M, et al. Alzheimer's Association recommendations for operationalizing the detection of cognitive impairment during the Medicare Annual Wellness Visit in a primary care setting. Alzheimers Dement 2013;9:141–150 | Designed for use during a medical office visit to screen for cognitive impairment in older adults (includes informant interviews also) | Adults | |
| Chronic pain | Short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ-2) | Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Revicki DA, et al. Development and initial validation of an expanded and revised version of the Short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ-2). Pain 2009;144:35–42 | 22-item questionnaire designed to assess pain | Adults |
| Adherence to self-care | Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) | Toobert DJ, Hampson SE, Glasgow RE. The Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities measure: results from 7 studies and a revised scale. Diabetes Care 2000;23:943–950 | 11-item and expanded 25-item measure of diabetes self-care behaviors | Adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes |
| Adherence to Refills and Medications Scale (ARMS-D) | Kripalani S, Risser J, Gatti ME, Jacobson TA. Development and evaluation of the Adherence to Refills and Medications Scale (ARMS) among low-literacy patients with chronic disease. Value Health 2009;12:118–123 | 11-item self-report questionnaire designed to assess the extent to which patients take and refill their diabetes-related medications | Adults | |
| Mayberry LS, Gonzalez JS, Wallston KA, Kripalani S, Osborn CY. The ARMS-D outperforms the SDSCA, but both are reliable, valid, and predict glycemic control. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2013;102:96–104 | ||||
| Barriers to diabetes adherence | Mulvaney SA, Hood KK, Schlundt DG, et al. Development and initial validation of the barriers to diabetes adherence measure for adolescents. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011;94:77–83 | 21-item self-report questionnaire designed to assess barriers to diabetes self-care behaviors | Adolescents (ages 12–17 years) with diabetes |