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. 2016 Sep 26;65(12):3765–3775. doi: 10.2337/db16-0823

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© 2016 by the American Diabetes Association.

Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered. More information is available at http://www.diabetesjournals.org/content/license.

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Immunomodulatory effects of ATG+G-CSF combination therapy remain detectable at least 24 months following treatment. PBMCs were characterized by flow cytometric analysis, and complete blood count was performed. Compared with placebo (gray squares; N = 8), subjects treated with ATG+G-CSF (black circles; N = 16) exhibited reduced CD4⁺ T-cell frequency (A), increased CD8⁺ T-cell frequency (B), and reduced CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T-cell ratio (C). D: CD4⁺CD25⁺FOXP3⁺Helios⁺ Tregs were significantly elevated in ATG+G-CSF–treated subjects at 6 and 12 months, but the difference was not significant at 24 months. CD4⁺ Tem frequency (E), CD16⁺CD56^hi NK percent (F), CD4⁺PD-1⁺ Tcm frequency (G), PD-1 MFI on CD4⁺ Tcm (H), and neutrophil counts (I) were significantly greater in ATG+G-CSF–treated subjects compared with control subjects. All P values shown are for ATG+G-CSF vs. placebo at the indicated time points.

Immunomodulatory effects of ATG+G-CSF combination therapy remain detectable at least 24 months following treatment. PBMCs were characterized by flow cytometric analysis, and complete blood count was performed. Compared with placebo (gray squares; N = 8), subjects treated with ATG+G-CSF (black circles; N = 16) exhibited reduced CD4⁺ T-cell frequency (A), increased CD8⁺ T-cell frequency (B), and reduced CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T-cell ratio (C). D: CD4⁺CD25⁺FOXP3⁺Helios⁺ Tregs were significantly elevated in ATG+G-CSF–treated subjects at 6 and 12 months, but the difference was not significant at 24 months. CD4⁺ Tem frequency (E), CD16⁺CD56^hi NK percent (F), CD4⁺PD-1⁺ Tcm frequency (G), PD-1 MFI on CD4⁺ Tcm (H), and neutrophil counts (I) were significantly greater in ATG+G-CSF–treated subjects compared with control subjects. All P values shown are for ATG+G-CSF vs. placebo at the indicated time points.