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. 2016 Nov 7;113(47):E7554–E7563. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1607235113

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Microbiota promote bone turnover and endochondral ossification after short-term colonization in adulthood. (A) Experimental procedure schematic. Two-month-old GF CB6F1 mice were colonized with unfractionated feces from SPF mice and evaluated 1 mo later. (B) Trabecular bone mass determined by micro-CT (n ≥ 15), with representative images of trabecular bone from the femurs of GF or colonized (Col) siblings. (C and D) Serum bone turnover markers CTX-I and P1NP in GF and Col mice (n ≥ 15). (E) Dynamic BFR/BS and MAR, determined by histomorphometry on double-labeled GF and Col mice (n ≥ 10). Representative double labeling in trabecular bone (Left) and secondary ossification center (Right) is shown. White arrows indicate bone formation in the interval between labels. (F) Growth plate thickness measured on 3D reconstructions of micro-CT images and on histologic specimens (Left). Representative H&E and toluidine blue staining is shown (Right). White dashed lines indicate the growth plate. Black arrows indicate hypertrophic chondrocytes. *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001.