Table 2.

Repeated Measures ANCOVA Between Age Group, Billboard Type and Visual Attention Outcomes

	Control	Static	250-ft	500-ft
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	ME Age	ME BT	Age * BT
Percent time
Teen	20.74 (16.48)	25.02 (20.53)	27.85 (19.28)	31.39 (21.14)	F (2, 51)	F (3, 153)	F (6, 153)
Middle	5.80 (8.91)	6.78 (9.53)	7.68 (10.91)	9.23 (12.94)	= 8.07	= 0.92	= 2.48
Older	8.17 (12.60)	12.10 (18.43)	10.99 (17.07)	12.00 (18.25)	p = 0.001	p = 0.433	p = 0.026
Number of Glances
Glance ≥ 0.75 sec
Teen	1.89 (1.70)	2.25 (2.19)	2.39 (1.78)	2.79 (2.06)	F (2, 51)	F (3, 153)	F (6, 153)
Middle	0.36 (0.67)	0.47 (0.96)	0.60 (1.03)	0.75 (1.20)	= 7.02	= .71	= 0.67
Older	0.76 (1.34)	1.00 (1.61)	1.06 (1.88)	1.06 (2.07)	p = 0.002	p =.548	p = 0.671
Glance ≥ 2.0 sec
Teen	0.33 (0.51)	0.49 (0.69)	0.39 (0.58)	0.56 (0.62)	F (2, 51)	F (3, 153)	F (6, 153)
Middle	0.04 (0.18)	0.06 (0.14)	0.07 (0.17)	0.07 (0.21)	= 3.95	= 2.59	= 0.91
Older	0.13 (0.41)	0.26 (0.55)	0.19 (0.47)	0.15 (0.44)	p = 0.026	p = 0.055	p = 0.488
Average Glance Length
Teen	0.50 (0.33)	0.55 (0.40)	0.67 (0.39)	0.67 (0.32)	F (2, 51)	F (3, 153)	F (6, 153)
Middle	0.22 (0.21)	0.28 (0.22)	0.29 (0.21)	0.29 (0.25)	= 6.30	= 0.27	= 1.28
Older	0.27 (0.35)	0.35 (0.39)	0.35 (0.40)	0.28 (0.33)	p = 0.004	p = 0.844	p = 0.271
Glance Pattern Activity
Teen	1.69 (0.42)	1.74 (0.40)	1.70 (0.34)	1.75 (0.31)	F (2, 51)	F ( 3, 153)	F (6, 153)
Middle	1.85 (0.55)	1.90 (0.42)	1.87 (0.42)	1.89 (0.39)	= 0.78	= 0.11	= 1.40
Older	1.88 (0.55)	1.69 (0.52)	1.85 (0.45)	1.81 (0.48)	p = 0.463	p = 0.953	p = 0.218

Note. Bold signifies p < .05; BT= Billboard Type; Far Visual Acuity served as covariate.