Table 2.

Multivariate Associations Between Religious Services Attendance in 1996 and 2000 with Subsequent Onset of Depression in 2004

	Marginal Structural Model
	Depression a		Presence of severe depressive symptoms b		Continuous level of depressive symptomsc
	Odds ratios	95% CI	Odds ratios	95% CI	Estimate	Std Err	P value
Religious service attendance in 1996
Never	Reference		Reference		Reference	Reference	Reference
< 1/wk.	1.00	0·89, 1·12	1·04	0·91, 1·19	0·03	0·09	0·70
1/wk·	1·09	0·95, 1·24	1·12	0·95, 1·30	0·11	0·10	0·27
> 1/wk·	1·15	0·98, 1·36	1·18	0·98, 1·43	0·12	0·12	0·29
Religious service attendance in 2000
Never	Reference		Reference		Reference	Reference	Reference
< 1/wk·	0·87	0·79, 0·97	0·87	0·77, 0·98	−0·20	0·08	0·01
1/wk·	0·75	0·67, 0·84	0·72	0·63, 0·82	−0·48	0·09	<·0001
> 1/wk·	0·71	0·62, 0·82	0·65	0·55, 0·76	−0·53	0·10	<·0001

CI: confidence interval

Multivariate model adjusted for age (years), baseline depressive symptom in 1992(continuous), baseline religious service attendance in 1992 (never, less than once/week, once/week, more than once/week), live alone (yes, no), not employed in the past 2 years (yes, no), marital status (currently married, yes, no), nurses’ education level (high school, bachelor, master), husband education level (under high school, high school graduate, college or above), postmenopausal hormone use (never, current, past), race/ethnic groups(Caucasian, African American, Asian, Hispanic, other), geographic region (middle, north, south), census track level median family income (dollars per year, continuous), height (continuous), family history of Myocardial Infarction(yes, no), family history of cancer(yes, no), family history of diabetes(yes, no), body mass index (BMI,<18, 18·1–21, 21·1–23, 23·1–25, 25·1–27, 27·1–30, >30+ kg/m2), weight change since age 18 (kg), physical activity (MET hrs·/wk·), hypertension(yes, no), hypercholesterolemia (yes, no), diabetes(yes, no), diet quality (Alternative Healthy Eating Index 2010, continuous), alcohol consumption (0, <5, 5·1–15, 15·4–30, >30 g/day), number of close friends (continuous), have someone close to talk to(yes, no), smoking status (never, current, past), physical/functional limitations (yes, no)

Marginal structural model with weights accounted for censoring and missing data

^aBinary variable of depression :Defined as participants who either self-reported a physician or clinician-diagnosed depression, or use of antidepressant medications, or CESD-10 ≥ 10

^bBinary CESD-10 binary (≥ 10)· Measured by CESD-10· Higher score represent more depressive symptoms· Total score ranges from 0 to 30· Depression was defined as CESD-10≥ 10·

^cCESD-10 continuous· Measured by CESD-10· Higher score represent more depressive symptoms· Total score ranges from 0 to 30· Depression was defined as CESD-10≥ 10·