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. 2016 Nov 30;7:547. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00547

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Copyright © 2016 Ameratunga, Bartlett, McCall, Steele, Woon and Katelaris.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Showing pathogenesis of HAE and treatments discussed in this article. (1) Contact phase. In HAE, an excess of bradykinin is present as a result of impaired C1 INH function. (2) This leads to extravasation of fluid from blood vessels (3) leading to angioedema. (4) Possible treatments discussed include liver transplantation (including APOLT), (5) hepatocyte transplantation, (6) liver-based gene therapy, (7) and genome editing. (8) Bone marrow transplantation has also led to a cure of HAE. (9) Figure constructed with clipart from Microsoft PowerPoint.