Vacuolization in different rodent models of CI-AKI. (a, b) Tubular cell vacuolization in a CI-AKI rat (Sprague-Dawley) model. (a) Indomethacin + L-NAME + ioversol. (b) Normal rat kidney cortex (PAS, 400x, [31]). (c, d) Hydropic degeneration in mice. (c) Sucrose-induced hydropic degeneration of tubular cells in mouse (NMRI mouse, three ip. injections of 5% sucrose). (d) Normal histology of an intact mouse (PAS, 400x, [32]). (e–h) Vacuolization induced by calcineurin toxicity versus ischemia. (e–g) Isometric vacuolization in calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) toxicity (courtesy of Professor Michael A. Nalesnik, MD, University of Pittsburg, Division of Transplantation Pathology). (h) Coarse, irregular vacuolization following ischemia (HE, 400x, (h) from [33], with permission). Scale bar represents 100 μm.