Table 3.
Rat and mouse models of CI-AKI.
| Injury type (besides RCM injection) | Species | Advantage | Disadvantage | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inhibition of vasodilators | Pronounced medullary hypoxia | Multiple insults | ||
| Indomethacin (+salt depletion ± UNX) | Rat | Complex, clin. relevant | CPN for all rat models | [65–69] |
| Indomethacin + L-NAME | Rat | Medullary hypoxia | ||
| Indomethacin + L-NAME | Mouse | pathomechanistic | High drug dose needed | [70, 71] |
| Water deprivation (dehydration) | Dehydration amplifies injury | Hydration state affects CI-AKI progression | ||
| Dehydration (24 h) | Rat | [72, 73] | ||
| Dehydration (72 h) | Mouse, Rat | [35, 74, 75] | ||
| Dehydration (24 h) + eNOS deficiency (KO) | Mouse | [76] | ||
| Dehydration (24 h) + Indomethacin + furosemide | Rat | [34] | ||
| Dehydration (24 h) + glycerol rhabdomyolysis | Rat | [36, 77–80] | ||
| Surgical kidney injury models | Reliable models | Microsurgery experience | ||
| Acute kidney injury (AKI) | Short duration | Species differences | ||
| Ischemia-reperfusion | Mouse | [81] | ||
| Chronic kidney disease (CKD) | Clinical relevance | Chronic protocol | ||
| Diabetes (streptozotocin: STZ) | Rat | [82, 83] | ||
| 5/6 nephrectomies + dehydration (48 h) | Rat | [84, 85] | ||
| Long term cholesterol feeding | Rat | [86] |
clin.: clinically, UNX: Uninephrectomy, CPN: chronic progressive nephropathy, and eNOS: endothelial nitrogen monoxide synthase.