Table 2.
Total amino acids and extraction yield in extracts of Palmaria palmata using solutions as described in Table 3, along with alkaline extraction following enzymatic pre-treatment (50 U·g−1·alga). Values are reported as mean ± SD (n = 5) and in mg·AA·g−1·DW for total amino acids and in percent of raw material DW for extraction yields. Different small letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) between extractions at 23 °C, while different capital letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) between extractions at 60 °C. * indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) between 23 °C and 60 °C using the same extraction solvent.
| Extraction Temperature | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 23 °C | 60 °C | ||||
| Solvent | Amount Extracted Amino Acids (mg·g−1·DW) | Extraction Yield (%) | Amount Extracted Amino Acids (mg·g−1·DW) | Extraction Yield (%) | |
| A | 0.01 M NaOH | 55.8 ± 10.2 b | 17.9 | 59.9 ± 7.2 B | 19.2 |
| B | 0.05 M NaOH | 80.6 ± 9.5 b,c | 25.8 | 118.1 ± 25.2 B,C,* | 37.9 |
| C | 0.1 M NaOH | 90.1 ± 7.9 c | 28.9 | 122.0 ± 10.5 C,* | 39.1 |
| D | 3.5% NaCl | 18.3 ± 4.7 a | 5.9 | 26.6 ± 7.0 A | 8.5 |
| E | 70% Ethanol | 23.5 ± 4.6 a | 7.5 | 27.3 ± 4.6 A | 8.8 |
| F | 0.1 M NaOH in 3.5% NaCl | 58.8 ± 13.3 b | 18.8 | 114.6 ± 19.2 C,* | 36.7 |
| G | 0.1 M NaOH following enzymatic pre-treatment | 409.2 ± 46.0 d | 69.8 | 442.8 ± 86.5 D | 75.6 |