Table 4. Association of smoking and alcohol consumption with prevalence of MS.
| Men | Women | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percentages of Case (%) | OR (95% CI)a | OR (95% CI)b | Percentages of Case (%) | OR (95% CI)a | OR (95% CI)b | ||
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Never | 21.89 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 25.72 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Former | 19.23 | 1.00 (0.88−1.13) | 1.14 (0.97−1.35) | 28.80 | 1.06 (0.85−1.33) | 1.32 (1.00−1.73) | |
| Current | 25.48 | 1.16 (0.89−1.52) | 1.24 (0.89−1.72) | 32.84 | 1.49 (0.83−2.67) | 2.39 (1.22−4.67) | |
| p for trend | 0.5284 | 0.0669 | 0.2307 | 0.0022 | |||
| Smoking rate (cigars per day) | |||||||
| Never | 21.89 | 1.0 | 1.0 | Never | 25.71 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| ≤10 | 17.04 | 0.87 (0.74−1.03) | 1.01 (0.82−1.24) | ≤5 | 27.84 | 1.02 (0.71−1.46) | 1.21 (0.79−1.84) |
| ≤20 | 21.37 | 1.12 (0.96−1.32) | 1.15 (0.94−1.41) | ≤10 | 29.15 | 1.06 (0.75−1.49) | 1.34 (0.91−2.08) |
| >20 | 24.73 | 1.04 (0.70−1.55) | 0.98 (0.60−1.62) | >10 | 35.29 | 1.53 (0.95−2.46) | 1.96 (1.12−3.43) |
| p for trend | 0.3261 | 0.1535 | 0.1576 | 0.0046 | |||
| Years of smoke | |||||||
| Never | 21.91 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 25.72 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| ≤25 | 17.35 | 0.90 (0.73−1.11) | 1.01 (0.79−1.30) | 24.69 | 0.81 (0.52−1.21) | 0.85 (0.53−1.40) | |
| >25 | 20.05 | 1.01 (0.88−1.17) | 1.11 (0.93−1.33) | 31.53 | 1.26 (0.96−1.64) | 1.74 (1.26−2.40) | |
| p for trend | 0.8818 | 0.2086 | 0.2067 | 0.0028 | |||
| Ever drink | |||||||
| Never | 21.61 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 26.28 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Ever | 20.39 | 0.91 (0.81−1.03) | 0.89 (0.76−1.04) | 22.17 | 0.68 (0.59−0.78) | 0.70 (0.69−0.82) | |
| Beer: months of drink | |||||||
| 0 | 22.75 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 26.15 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| ≤3 | 17.04 | 0.75 (0.64−0.87) | 0.94 (0.79−1.12) | 22.76 | 0.77 (0.63−0.93) | 0.87 (0.70−1.07) | |
| >3 | 17.72 | 0.68 (0.55−0.85) | 0.73 (0.56−0.94) | 19.79 | 0.57 (0.41−0.79) | 0.61 (0.42−0.88) | |
| p for trend | <0.0001 | 0.0228 | <0.0001 | 0.0050 | |||
| Alcohol from beer (g/d) | |||||||
| 0 | 22.76 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0 | 26.15 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| ≤6.2 | 16.47 | 0.67 (0.57−0.80) | 0.83 (0.68−1.01) | ≤2.8 | 21.14 | 0.61 (0.46−0.82) | 0.70 (0.51−0.97) |
| ≤12.3 | 19.57 | 0.87 (0.62−1.23) | 1.09 (0.74−1.59) | ≤6.2 | 22.75 | 0.78 (0.62−0.99) | 0.88 (0.68−1.13) |
| >12.3 | 17.57 | 0.77 (0.63−0.95) | 0.88 (0.70−1.12) | >6.2 | 20.98 | 0.70 (0.48−1.02) | 0.74 (0.49−1.13) |
| p for trend | 0.0008 | 0.2737 | 0.0005 | 0.0312 | |||
| Liquor: months of drink | |||||||
| 0 | 20.03 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 25.84 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| ≤6 | 18.00 | 0.88 (0.73−1.05) | 0.92 (0.74−1.14) | 25.83 | 0.85 (0.64−1.13) | 0.94 (0.68−1.30) | |
| >6 | 29.98 | 1.44 (1.23−1.70) | 1.11 (0.87−1.42) | 27.53 | 0.91 (0.62−1.31) | 0.76 (0.47−1.23) | |
| p for trend | 0.0009 | 0.6774 | 0.2973 | 0.2574 | |||
| Alcohol from liquor (g/d) | |||||||
| 0 | 20.13 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0 | 25.86 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| ≤12.3 | 19.87 | 0.89 (0.60−1.13) | 0.85 (0.64−1.14) | ≤6.2 | 26.46 | 0.88 (0.61−1.27) | 1.01 (0.67−1.54) |
| ≤37 | 22.30 | 1.09 (0.89−1.32) | 1.02 (0.80−1.30) | ≤24.6 | 22.50 | 0.64 (0.40−1.02) | 0.67 (0.40−1.14) |
| >37 | 27.68 | 1.35 (1.10−1.65) | 1.08 (0.81−1.43) | >24.6 | 26.99 | 0.92 (0.62−1.36) | 0.86 (0.53−1.40) |
| p for trend | 0.0099 | 0.7096 | 0.1457 | 0.2280 | |||
| Rice wine: months of drink | |||||||
| 0 | 23.26 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 26.27 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| ≤6 | 16.46 | 0.68 (0.58−0.81) | 0.85 (0.70−1.04) | 21.40 | 0.60 (0.48−0.75) | 0.68 (0.53−0.86) | |
| >6 | 14.34 | 0.59 (0.48−0.73) | 0.73 (0.58−0.93) | 17.72 | 0.55 (0.42−0.74) | 0.54 (0.39−0.75) | |
| p for trend | <0.0001 | 0.0048 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||
| Alcohol from rice wine (g/d) | |||||||
| 0 | 23.26 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0 | 26.27 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| ≤8.6 | 15.74 | 0.61 (0.49−0.76) | 0.80 (0.63−1.03) | ≤4.1 | 21.54 | 0.61 (0.46−0.83) | 0.77 (0.56−1.05) |
| ≤25.7 | 15.34 | 0.67 (0.55−0.82) | 0.83 (0.67−1.04) | ≤12.8 | 18.65 | 0.52 (0.38−0.71) | 0.49 (0.35−0.70) |
| >25.7 | 15.81 | 0.65 (0.51−0.84) | 0.76 (0.57−1.00) | >12.8 | 19.35 | 0.61 (0.45−0.81) | 0.63 (0.45−0.87) |
| p for trend | <0.0001 | 0.0152 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||
| All source of alcohol (g/d) | |||||||
| 0 | 21.91 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0 | 26.31 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| ≤16.4 | 20.23 | 0.89 (0.74−1.05) | 0.97 (0.79−1.20) | ≤5.6 | 22.31 | 0.66 (0.52−0.84) | 0.73 (0.56−0.96) |
| ≤45.2 | 18.43 | 0.79 (0.67−0.94) | 0.78 (0.63−0.97) | ≤18.5 | 21.06 | 0.64 (0.50−0.81) | 0.67 (0.52−0.87) |
| >45.2 | 21.54 | 0.97 (0.82−1.15) | 0.92 (0.73−1.16) | >18.5 | 22.33 | 0.69 (0.55−0.88) | 0.68 (0.51−0.89) |
| p for trend | 0.1619 | 0.1194 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||
aAdjusted for age at interview and BMI.
bAdjusted for age at interview, BMI, education, marital status, occupation, exercise, risk scores of familial history, and mutually adjusted for ever smoker and ever drinker; p for trend was calculated by entering the ordinal exposure as continuous parameters in the model.