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. 2016 Nov 30;6:38138. doi: 10.1038/srep38138

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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The cells were treated with PA and/or GCM at the indicated concentrations for 24 h and then the cells were harvested for cytotoxicity analysis. (A) Preventive effect of GCM on PA-induced reduction of cell viability in HepG2 cells measured by crystal violet staining. (B) Inhibitory effect of GCM on PA-mediated apoptosis in HepG2 cells assessed by Annexin V/PI staining. (C) Suppression of PA-activated caspases by GCM in HepG2 cells analyzed by western blotting. (D and E). Protective effect of GCM on PA-mediated apoptosis in AML-12 mouse liver cells (D) and in L02 human liver cells evaluated by Annexin V/PI staining (E).