Figure 7. GCM-activated autophagy prevents lipoapoptosis and ER stress in response to PA exposure.

(A and B). Inhibition of autophagy opposed the protective effect of GCM on lipoapoptosis. The cells were treated with PA and/or GCM for 24 h under the condition that autophagy was inhibited by either 3-MA or knockdown of ATG5 and cytotoxicity was evaluated by Annexin V/PI staining (A) or crystal violet staining (B). (C) Inhibition of autopahgy attenuated the suppressing effect of GCM on ER stress. The cells were transfected with ATG5 siRNA or control siRNA for 24 h and then the cells were treated with PA for 24 h and the key ER stress markers were examined by western blotting.