Table 4.
Type 2 diabetes | No diabetes | ||
---|---|---|---|
Ratio* (95% CI) | Adjusted means (95% CI) | Adjusted means (95% CI) | |
Direct costs | 1.81† (1.56 to 2.11) | 3352 (2899 to 3877) | 1849 (1741 to 1964) |
Physician visits | |||
GPs | 1.57† (1.42 to 1.75) | 136 (123 to 151) | 87 (83 to 90) |
Specialists | 2.14† (1.41 to 3.25) | 91 (60 to 136) | 42 (38 to 48) |
Others | 1.36† (1.17 to 1.57) | 213 (185 to 244) | 157 (149 to 165) |
Total | 1.53† (1.36 to 1.73) | 445 (396 to 500) | 290 (279 to 303) |
Hospital | |||
Inpatient | 1.82† (1.43 to 2.31) | 1664 (1320 to 2098) | 917 (830 to 1013) |
Outpatient | 0.89 (0.68 to 1.17) | 19 (15 to 24) | 21 (19 to 24) |
Rehabilitation | |||
Inpatient | 1.80† (1.42 to 2.3) | 181 (142 to 230) | 100 (89 to 113) |
Outpatient | 0.68 (0.45 to 1.02) | 14 (10 to 21) | 21 (18 to 24) |
Medication | 2.01† (1.78 to 2.26) | 960 (856 to 1076) | 478 (439 to 521) |
Indirect costs‡ | 2.07† (1.51 to 2.84) | 4103 (3024 to 5567) | 1981 (1800 to 2180) |
Inability to work§ (sick leave days) | 2.57† (1.52 to 4.36) | 3344 (1995 to 5607) | 1299 (1185 to 1423) |
GEE models with a γ distribution and a log link. Models based on 9160 observations from 6803 participants. €1 was assigned to observations with zero costs.
Models are adjusted for age, sex and educational level and accounted for the repeated measurement structure.
*Exponentiated estimate, non-diabetic participants as reference group.
†Significant at the level of 1%.
‡Only for observations <65 years (n=5207 observations).
§Only for observations <65 years with a regular job (n=3637 observations).
GP general practitioner.