Table 5.
Annual direct per capita costs related to severity or treatment of diabetes
| Direct costs* | |
|---|---|
| Ratio† 95% CI | |
| No diabetes | Reference |
| Cardiovascular complications | |
| Type 2 diabetes without cardiovascular complications | 1.54‡ (1.30 to 1.82) |
| Type 2 diabetes with cardiovascular complications | 2.77‡ (2.12 to 3.61) |
| Type of treatment | |
| Type 2 diabetes without pharmacological treatment | 1.26 (0.93 to 1.72) |
| Type 2 diabetes with OAD only | 1.53‡ (1.25 to 1.88) |
| Type 2 diabetes with OAD and insulin | 2.58‡ (1.90 to 3.50) |
| Type 2 diabetes with insulin only | 3.98‡ (2.74 to 5.77) |
| Glycaemic control | |
| Type 2 diabetes with HbA1c<6.5% | 1.87‡ (1.51 to 2.32) |
| Type 2 diabetes with 6.5%≤HbA1c<7.5% | 1.64‡ (1.33 to 2.03) |
| Type 2 diabetes with 7.5%≤HbA1c<9.0% | 1.94‡ (1.44 to 2.62) |
| Type 2 diabetes with HbA1c≥9.0% | 2.24‡ (1.34 to 3.73) |
| Diabetes duration | |
| Type 2 diabetes: 0–2 years | 1.90‡ (1.24 to 2.62) |
| Type 2 diabetes: 3–10 years | 1.44‡ (1.19 to 1.74) |
| Type 2 diabetes: 11–19 years | 2.21‡ (1.58 to 3.10) |
| Type 2 diabetes:≥20 years | 3.02‡ (2.17 to 4.22) |
GEE models with a γ distribution and a log link. Models based on 9160 observations from 6803 participants.
Models are adjusted for age, sex and educational level and accounted for the repeated measurement structure.
*€ was assigned to observations with zero costs.
†Exponentiated estimate, non-diabetic participants as reference group.
‡Significant at the level of 1%.
OAD, oral antidiabetic drugs.