Table 3.
General and clinical characteristics by β-cell function and insulin sensitivity in men.
| G-I | G-II | G-III | G-IV | p Value 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 622 | 1057 | 1166 | 723 | - |
| Age (years) | 50.8 ± 8.7 c | 50.4 ± 8.5 c | 53.1 ± 9.0 a | 51.9 ± 8.4 b | <0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption (g/day) | 23.2 ± 28.4 c | 24.9 ± 30.5 b,c | 27.9 ± 32.3 a,b | 29.3 ± 31.0 a | 0.005 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.5 ± 2.5 c | 25.4 ± 2.8 a | 23.2 ± 2.7 d | 25.1 ± 2.8 b | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 81.4 ± 6.9 b | 86.6 ± 7.3 a | 80.9 ± 7.2 b | 86.0 ± 7.1 a | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 118.8 ± 15.6 d | 122.7 ± 16.5 b | 121.1 ± 17.2 c | 126.0 ± 17.2 a | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80.0 ± 10.2 c | 83.0 ± 10.9 b | 81.0 ± 10.9 c | 84.2 ± 10.9 a | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 80.9 ± 7.5 d | 86.8 ± 10.3 b | 84.6 ± 13.9 c | 100.9 ± 29.1 a | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.5 ± 0.3 c | 5.6 ± 0.4 b | 5.6 ± 0.6 b | 6.1 ± 1.1 a | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 185.8 ± 33.6 b | 196.3 ± 35.5 a | 185.8 ± 35.2 b | 197.7 ± 37.4 a | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 44.2 ± 9.8 b | 41.3 ± 8.8 d | 45.9 ± 10.8 a | 42.4 ± 9.3 c | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 143.9 ± 62.0 b | 176.6 ± 74.8 a | 142.1 ± 65.4 b | 180.4 ± 77.4 a | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 112.5 ± 32.1 b | 118.5 ± 32.6 a | 110.6 ± 32.8 b | 117.0 ± 33.8 a | <0.001 |
| AST (IU/L) | 29.9 ± 11.0 b | 31.2 ± 13.2 b | 34.1 ± 24.6 a | 34.9 ± 28.2 a | <0.001 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 27.9 ± 14.5 c | 35.6 ± 22.1 b | 30.0 ± 25.1 c | 38.4 ± 34.7 a | <0.001 |
| Physical activity 1 | |||||
| Low (%) | 84.8 | 85.1 | 84.9 | 87.0 | 0.237 |
| Medium (%) | 38.8 | 36.0 | 37.2 | 35.8 | 0.285 |
| High (%) | 39.1 | 33.6 | 39.1 | 33.9 | <0.001 |
| Type 2 diabetes (%) 1 | <0.001 | ||||
| Prediabetes | 27.2 | 41.5 | 36.5 | 45.7 | |
| Diabetes | 1.6 | 4.2 | 23.1 | 24.6 | |
| Alcohol consumption (%) 1,2 | 0.024 | ||||
| Abstainers | 32.6 | 30.0 | 28.3 | 28.4 | |
| Low | 17.1 | 14.7 | 14.6 | 11.8 | |
| Intermediate | 33.7 | 37.5 | 34.7 | 36.5 | |
| High | 16.6 | 17.9 | 22.4 | 23.4 |
All data except physical activity, type 2 diabetes, and alcohol drinking are represented as mean ± SD. 1 Physical activity, type 2 diabetes, and alcohol consumption are represented as percentages. 2 Alcohol consumption is categorized as follows: Abstainers were individuals who did not consume alcohol. Low, <5 g/day; intermediate, <30 g/day; and high, ≥30 g/day. 3 p values were determined using general linear models and post-hoc (Duncan) for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables in the four groups according to β-cell function and insulin sensitivity. a,b,c,d Significant differences of means between the four groups by Duncan test.