Table 4.
Metabolic risk factors by alcohol consumption and β-cell function and insulin sensitivity in men.
| Abstainers | Low | Intermediate | High | p Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
G-I | 183.6 ± 3.2 a | 184.9 ± 4.0 a | 187.5 ± 4.5 a | 189.4 ± 3.9 a | 0.435 |
| G-II | 189.7 ± 2.6 b | 197.1 ± 3.2 a | 199.7 ± 3.8 a | 200.4 ± 3.1 a | <0.001 | |
| G-III | 183.0 ± 2.2 b | 190.6 ± 2.9 a | 187.1 ± 3.5 a,b | 185.3 ± 2.8 a,b | 0.121 | |
| G-IV | 197.9 ± 2.9 a | 197.2 ± 3.9 a | 198.2 ± 5.0 a | 199.5 ± 3.7 a | 0.962 | |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) |
G-I | 40.7 ± 0.9 c | 42.9 ± 1.1 b | 46.3 ± 1.3 a | 48.0 ± 1.1 a | <0.001 |
| G-II | 38.4 ± 0.6 c | 40.9 ± 0.8 b | 42.3 ± 0.9 b | 44.3 ± 0.8 a | <0.001 | |
| G-III | 42.1 ± 0.7 d | 44.2 ± 0.9 c | 47.3 ± 1.0 b | 49.2 ± 0.8 a | <0.001 | |
| G-IV | 39.2 ± 0.7 b | 40.9 ± 0.9 b | 43.7 ± 1.2 a | 45.1 ± 0.9 a | <0.001 | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) |
G-I | 141.7 ± 6.0 a | 137.5 ± 7.3 a | 144.9 ± 8.4 a | 151.3 ± 7.3 a | 0.384 |
| G-II | 158.1 ± 5.6 c | 171.8 ± 7.0 b,c | 184.9 ± 8.2 a,b | 194.6 ± 6.8 a | <0.001 | |
| G-III | 130.1 ± 4.1 b | 134.7 ± 5.5 b | 148.2 ± 6.5 a | 153.2 ± 5.3 a | <0.001 | |
| G-IV | 181.6 ± 6.3 a | 176.7 ± 8.4 a | 176.3 ± 10.6 a | 187.1 ± 8.0 a | 0.563 | |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) |
G-I | 114.6 ± 3.1 a | 113.8 ± 3.8 a | 111.7 ± 4.4 a | 110.4 ± 3.8 a | 0.656 |
| G-II | 118.7 ± 2.5 a | 120.5 ± 3.1 a | 119.4 ± 3.6 a | 115.3 ± 3.0 a | 0.465 | |
| G-III | 114.7 ± 2.0 a | 118.0 ± 2.7 a | 108.8 ± 3.2 b | 104.2 ± 2.6 b | <0.001 | |
| G-IV | 120.6 ± 2.7 a | 118.6 ± 3.6 a | 116.2 ± 4.6 a | 115.5 ± 3.5 a | 0.449 | |
| AST (IU/L) |
G-I | 27.8 ± 1.0 c | 27.3 ± 1.3 c | 31.0 ± 1.5 b | 34.4 ± 1.3 a | <0.001 |
| G-II | 30.6 ± 1.0 a | 30.4 ± 1.2 a | 31.3 ± 1.4 a | 32.6 ± 1.2 a | 0.350 | |
| G-III | 29.1 ± 1.5 c | 28.4 ± 2.0 c | 35.8 ± 2.3 b | 40.4 ± 1.9 a | <0.001 | |
| G-IV | 30.8 ± 2.2 b | 31.8 ± 3.0 a,b | 37.0 ± 3.8 a,b | 38.4 ± 2.8 a | 0.026 | |
| ALT (IU/L) |
G-I | 26.5 ± 1.4 b,c | 24.5 ± 1.7 c | 28.9 ± 1.9 a,b | 32.2 ± 1.7 a | <0.001 |
| G-II | 34.5 ± 1.6 a | 36.0 ± 2.1 a | 36.2 ± 2.4 a | 35.9 ± 2.0 a | 0.758 | |
| G-III | 28.3 ± 1.6 b | 26.5 ± 2.1 b | 30.0 ± 2.5 a,b | 34.1 ± 2.0 a | 0.009 | |
| G-IV | 37.9 ± 2.7 a | 36.4 ± 3.7 a | 39.7 ± 4.7 a | 38.9 ± 3.5 a | 0.886 |
All data are represented as mean ± SD. Alcohol consumption was categorized as abstainers, low (<5 g/day), intermediate (<30 g/day), high (≥30 g/day). a,b,c,d In each row, different letters indicate significant differences of metabolic risk factor means between alcohol consumption levels by Duncan test.