Table 5.

Metabolic risk factors by alcohol consumption and β-cell function and insulin sensitivity in men.

	G-I				G-II				G-III				G-IV
	Abstainers	Low	Intermediate	High	Abstainers	Low	Intermediate	High	Abstainers	Low	Intermediate	High	Abstainers	Low	Intermediate	High
High total cholesterol	1	1.08 (0.54–2.16)	0.89 (0.51–1.56)	0.84 (0.44–1.62)	1	1.45 (0.83–2.53)	1.86 ** (1.23–2.82)	1.94 ** (1.19–3.16)	1	0.84 (0.48–1.48)	0.84 (0.54–1.31)	1.14 (0.71–1.84)	1	1.56 (0.73–3.37)	1.11 (0.66–1.88)	1.16 (0.65–2.06)
Low HDL cholesterol	1	0.84 (0.43–1.61)	0.34 *** (0.20–0.60)	0.20 *** (0.10–0.41)	1	0.54 * (0.31–0.94)	0.40 *** (0.27–0.61)	0.30 *** (0.18–0.49)	1	0.58 * (0.34–1.00)	0.35 *** (0.23–0.54)	0.24 *** (0.15–0.40)	1	0.74 (0.36–1.54)	0.35 *** (0.21–0.59)	0.23 *** (0.13–0.42)
High triglycerides	1	0.71 (0.35–1.43)	0.84 (0.49–1.45)	0.94 (0.50–1.75)	1	1.35 (0.78–2.36)	1.83 ** (1.21–2.77)	1.99 ** (1.21–3.27)	1	0.73 (0.43–1.38)	1.12 (0.72–1.75)	1.65 * (1.02–2.67)	1	1.29 (0.60–2.78)	1.01 (0.59–1.72)	1.31 (0.73–2.37)
High LDL cholesterol	1	1.14 (0.56–2.31)	0.67 (0.38–1.20)	0.70 (0.36–1.36)	1	1.65 (0.92–2.95)	1.37 (0.89–2.13)	1.05 (0.63–1.76)	1	0.87 (0.50–1.51)	0.66 (0.43–1.03)	0.72 (0.44–1.17)	1	0.74 (0.34–1.61)	0.80 (0.47–1.36)	0.70 (0.39–1.26)
High AST	1	0.70 (0.18–2.74)	2.31 (0.97–5.53)	2.35 (0.89–6.24)	1	1.76 (0.80–3.90)	1.44 (0.77–2.69)	1.59 (0.78–3.24)	1	0.54 (0.19–1.56)	1.85 (0.97–3.52)	3.57 *** (1.86–6.84)	1	1.15 (0.43–3.10)	1.12 (0.58–2.17)	1.31 (0.64–2.68)
High ALT	1	1.40 (0.52–3.77)	1.24 (0.55–2.83)	1.39 (0.56–3.47)	1	1.44 (0.76–2.73)	1.24 (0.76–2.00)	0.95 (0.54–1.67)	1	0.39 (0.17–0.90)	0.82 (0.48–1.41)	1.23 (0.70–2.15)	1	0.95 (0.43–2.09)	0.57 * (0.33–0.99)	0.66 (0.36–1.20)

Alcohol consumption was categorized into abstainers; low (<5 g/day); intermediate (<30 g/day); high (≥30 g/day); Multivariate logistic regression models were adjusted for area of residence, age, smoking, and body mass index. All data are represented as odds ratios (95% CI); * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.