Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population (n = 11531).
| Variables | ND (n = 10,310) | DD (n = 529) | UD (n = 692) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 53.4 ± 10.6 | 58.4 ± 9.0 | 57.0 ± 10.1 | <0.01 |
| Male gender | 4799 (46.5) | 186 (35.2) | 349 (50.4) | <0.01 |
| Female gender | 5511 (53.5) | 343 (64.8) | 343 (49.6) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 9465 (91.8) | 479 (90.5) | 618 (89.3) | 0.01 |
| Single | 185 (1.8) | 5 (0.9) | 11 (1.6) | |
| Widowed | 660 (6.4) | 45 (8.5) | 63 (9.1) | |
| Race of Han | 9764 (94.7) | 505 (95.5) | 649 (93.8) | 0.42 |
| others | 546 (5.3) | 24 (4.5) | 43 (6.2) | |
| Education | <0.01 | |||
| primary school or below | 5021 (48.7) | 322 (60.9) | 400 (57.8) | |
| middle school | 4297 (41.7) | 153 (28.9) | 244 (35.3) | |
| high school or above | 992 (9.6) | 54 (10.2) | 48 (6.9) | |
| Family income (CNY/year) | ||||
| ≤5000 | 1258 (12.2) | 74 (14.0) | 98 (14.2) | 0.39 |
| 5000–20,000 | 5625 (54.6) | 285 (53.9) | 378 (54.6) | |
| >20,000 | 3427 (33.2) | 170 (32.1) | 216 (31.2) | |
| Smoking | 3687 (35.8) | 108 (20.4) | 264 (38.2) | <0.01 |
| Drinking | 2328 (22.6) | 63 (11.9) | 197 (28.5) | <0.01 |
| Physical activity | 1.00 | |||
| Low | 3076 (29.8) | 156 (29.5) | 205 (29.6) | |
| Moderate | 6653 (64.5) | 343 (64.8) | 449 (64.9) | |
| High | 581 (5.6) | 30 (5.7) | 38 (5.5) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.6 ± 3.6 | 26.2 ± 3.6 | 26.2 ± 3.8 | <0.01 |
| Sleep duration (h/d) | 7.3 ± 1.9 | 7.1 ± 2.1 | 7.3 ± 2.7 | 0.09 |
| Diet score | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 2.0 ± 1.1 | 2.3 ± 1.1 | <0.01 |
| History of hypertension | ||||
| no | 8269 (80.2) | 258 (48.8) | 445 (64.3) | 0.39 |
| yes | 2041 (19.8) | 271 (51.2) | 247 (35.7) | |
| History of heart disease a | ||||
| no | 9374 (90.9) | 509 (96.2) | 641 (92.6) | <0.01 |
| yes | 936 (9.1) | 20 (3.8) | 51 (7.4) | |
| History of stroke | ||||
| no | 9724 (94.3) | 514 (97.2) | 659 (95.2) | 0.01 |
| yes | 586 (5.7) | 15 (2.8) | 33 (4.8) | |
| History of renal disease | ||||
| no | 7730 (75.0) | 380 (71.8) | 522 (75.4) | 0.25 |
| yes | 2580 (25.0) | 149 (28.2) | 170 (24.6) | |
| Medication used b | ||||
| no | 6778 (65.7) | 429 (81.1) | 521 (75.3) | <0.01 |
| yes | 3532 (34.3) | 100 (18.9) | 171 (24.7) | |
| PHQ-9 score | 2.9 ± 3.6 | 4.6 ± 4.7 | 3.0 ± 3.7 | <0.01 |
Data are expressed as the mean ± SD or as n (%). Abbreviations: ND: No diabetes; DD: Diagnosed diabetes; UD: Undiagnosed diabetes; CNY: China Yuan (1 CNY = 0.157 USD); BMI: Body mass index. a Including coronary heart disease, arrhythmia, and heart failure; b Indicating any self-reported medication used in the past two weeks.