Table 3.
Multivariable logistic regression analyses for depression among diagnosed diabetes population.
| Variable | PHQ ≥ 5 | PHQ ≥ 10 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | |
| Age (year) | 0.86 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.03 | 0.29 | 1.02 | 0.98–1.06 |
| Male gender | 0.37 | 1.27 | 0.76–2.12 | 0.13 | 1.87 | 0.83–4.25 |
| Race of Han | 0.72 | 1.19 | 0.47–3.02 | 0.72 | 1.27 | 0.34–4.82 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 0.40 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.97 | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Single | 0.54 | 0.80 | 0.40–1.62 | 0.81 | 1.12 | 0.43–2.92 |
| Widowed | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.02–2.16 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0 |
| Family income (CNY/year) | ||||||
| ≤5000 | 0.22 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.33 | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| 5000–20,000 | 0.31 | 0.75 | 0.42–1.31 | 0.50 | 0.78 | 0.37–1.62 |
| >20,000 | 0.09 | 0.58 | 0.31–1.09 | 0.15 | 0.53 | 0.22–1.26 |
| Education | ||||||
| High school or above | 0.01 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.60 | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Primary school or below | 0.00 | 3.94 | 1.65–9.45 | 0.48 | 1.58 | 0.44–5.71 |
| Middle school | 0.00 | 3.93 | 1.62–9.56 | 0.33 | 1.91 | 0.52–7.10 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.24 | 0.97 | 0.91–1.02 | 0.53 | 0.97 | 0.90–1.06 |
| Diet score | 0.01 | 0.80 | 0.67–0.95 | 0.03 | 0.75 | 0.58–0.97 |
| Family history of diabetes | 0.55 | 0.89 | 0.59–1.32 | 0.48 | 0.80 | 0.44–1.47 |
| Smoking | 0.03 | 1.75 | 1.05–2.94 | 0.26 | 1.55 | 0.72–3.36 |
| Drinking | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.50–1.96 | 0.83 | 1.14 | 0.37–3.54 |
| Totalsleep | 0.00 | 0.85 | 0.76–0.94 | 0.07 | 0.87 | 0.76–1.01 |
| Physical activity | ||||||
| Low | 0.77 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.46 | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Moderate | 0.50 | 0.86 | 0.57–1.32 | 0.84 | 1.07 | 0.58–1.97 |
| High | 0.98 | 1.01 | 0.43–2.40 | 0.26 | 0.40 | 0.08–1.97 |
| History of heart disease a | 0.77 | 1.08 | 0.65–1.79 | 0.69 | 1.16 | 0.56–2.38 |
| History of stroke | 0.48 | 0.77 | 0.37–1.60 | 0.34 | 0.54 | 0.15–1.92 |
| Medication used b | 0.36 | 0.77 | 0.45–1.34 | 0.14 | 0.50 | 0.20–1.27 |
| History of hypertension | 0.71 | 1.08 | 0.72–1.62 | 0.78 | 1.09 | 0.60–1.98 |
| History of renal disease | 0.42 | 1.19 | 0.78–1.83 | 0.87 | 1.05 | 0.57–1.93 |
Abbreviations: PHQ: Patient health questionnaire score; CNY: China Yuan (1 CNY = 0.157 USD); BMI: Body mass index. a Including coronary heart disease, arrhythmia, and heart failure; b Indicating any self-reported medication used in the past two weeks.