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. 2016 Nov 23;13(11):1165. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13111165

Table 3.

Perceived factors that promote green exercise a, across groups with different physical activity profile and sociodemographic characteristics in a sample of adult Norwegians (n = 1256 a).

Population Sub-Group (n Percent) Perceived Factors That Promote Green Exercise (M ± SD)
Accessibility to Nature Social Support PA Supportive Places Institutional Support Time Flexibility
Weekly green exercise
No (34%) 2.01 ± 0.86 2.22 ± 0.70 2.27 ± 0.81 2.09 ± 0.68 2.95 ± 0.80
Yes (66%) 1.98 ± 0.81 2.17 ± 0.64 2.30 ± 0.74 2.13 ± 0.67 3.00 ± 0.74
MANOVA: n.s.
ANOVA b - - - - -
PA status
LA (40%) 2.00 ± 0.85 2.14 ± 0.68 2.23 ± 0.78 2.11 ± 0.66 3.03 ± 0.71
RA (32%) 1.98 ± 0.79 2.22 ± 0.63 2.30 ± 0.74 2.09 ± 0.65 2.99 ± 0.75
HA (28%) 2.00 ± 0.84 2.20 ± 0.67 2.36 ± 0.77 2.14 ± 0.72 2.91 ± 0.83
MANOVA: λ = 0.98; F(10, 2498) = 2.40 **
ANOVA: F(2, 1253) = … n.s. n.s. 3.22 * n.s. n.s.
Sex
Male (50%) 1.91 ± 0.80 2.12 ± 0.65 2.25 ± 0.77 2.08 ± 0.68 2.90 ± 0.79
Female (50%) 2.08 ± 0.84 2.25 ± 0.67 2.33 ± 0.76 2.15 ± 0.67 3.07 ± 0.71
MANOVA: λ = 0.98; F(5, 1250) = 5.96 ***
ANOVA: F(1, 1254) = … 13.15 *** 12.74 *** n.s. 3.94 * 17.39 ***
Age group
Young adults, 18–44 years (27%) 1.95 ± 0.79 2.33 ± 0.63 2.28 ± 0.78 1.94 ± 0.68 2.97 ± 0.80
Mid-age adults, 45–64 years (52%) 1.96 ± 0.81 2.16 ± 0.67 2.28 ± 0.76 2.14 ± 0.66 3.00 ± 0.74
Older adults, >65 years (21%) 2.14 ± 0.89 2.05 ± 0.66 2.33 ± 0.75 2.29 ± 0.66 2.95 ± 0.75
MANOVA: λ = 0.92; F(10, 2498) = 11.15 ***
ANOVA: F(2, 1253) = … 5.42 ** 14.15 *** n.s. 21.05 *** n.s.
Educational level
Below upper secondary education (8%) 2.31 ± 0.90 2.11 ± 0.65 2.37 ± 0.74 2.30 ± 0.74 3.05 ± 0.72
Upper secondary education (27%) 2.04 ± 0.87 2.15 ± 0.67 2.21 ± 0.78 2.14 ± 0.68 3.02 ± 0.80
Higher education (47%) 1.95 ± 0.77 2.21 ± 0.64 2.29 ± 0.73 2.11 ± 0.64 2.97 ± 0.73
Currently studying (18%) 1.88 ± 0.84 2.22 ± 0.71 2.37 ± 0.83 2.01 ± 0.70 2.93 ± 0.79
MANOVA: λ = 0.95; F(15, 3445) = 4.77 **
ANOVA: F(3, 1252) = … 7.38 *** n.s. n.s. 4.82 ** n.s.
Household income, 6 NOK ≈ 1 USD (n = 1151 c)
<399,000 (28%) 2.09 ± 0.85 2.20 ± 0.68 2.32 ± 0.77 2.10 ± 0.69 2.98 ± 0.81
400,000–799,000 (33%) 2.02 ± 0.84 2.19 ± 0.68 2.27 ± 0.75 2.17 ± 0.65 2.97 ± 0.74
>800,000 (39%) 1.86 ± 0.76 2.15 ± 0.64 2.27 ± 0.77 2.06 ± 0.66 2.96 ± 0.75
MANOVA: λ = 0.98; F(10, 2286) = 2.74 **
ANOVA: F(2, 1148) = … 8.02 *** n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s.
Living situation
Spouse or partner (72%) 1.99 ± 0.83 2.16 ± 0.66 2.31 ± 0.76 2.14 ± 0.67 2.97 ± 0.75
Alone (25%) 2.01 ± 0.83 2.24 ± 0.67 2.24 ± 0.78 2.06 ± 0.69 3.02 ± 0.76
Parents or friends (4%) 1.94 ± 0.76 2.38 ± 0.65 2.30 ± 0.73 1.98 ± 0.73 2.89 ± 0.96
MANOVA: λ = 0.98; F(10, 2498) = 2.68 **
ANOVA: F(2, 1153) = … - 3.92 * - - -
Small children at home
Yes (29%) 1.94 ± 0.80 2.21 ± 0.65 2.29 ± 0.77 2.09 ± 0.65 2.97 ± 0.74
No (71%) 2.01 ± 0.84 2.18 ± 0.67 2.29 ± 0.76 2.13 ± 0.69 2.99 ± 0.77
MANOVA: n.s.
ANOVA b - - - - -
Centrality
Large city (34%) 2.01 ± 0.83 2.18 ± 0.65 2.27 ± 0.76 2.06 ± 0.68 2.98 ± 0.75
Small city (25%) 2.05 ± 0.84 2.22 ± 0.64 2.35 ± 0.78 2.12 ± 0.69 2.97 ± 0.74
Small town/village (25%) 1.97 ± 0.83 2.18 ± 0.71 2.30 ± 0.78 2.15 ± 0.68 2.99 ± 0.77
Country-side (16%) 1.92 ± 0.79 2.15 ± 0.63 2.23 ± 0.72 2.18 ± 0.64 2.99 ± 0.79
MANOVA: n.s.
ANOVA b - - - - -
Region
Oslo and Akershus (29%) 1.98 ± 0.81 2.13 ± 0.64 2.31 ± 0.76 2.06 ± 0.66 2.97 ± 0.75
Hedmark and Oppland (9%) 1.90 ± 0.82 2.05 ± 0.66 2.30 ± 0.82 2.13 ± 0.71 2.97 ± 0.78
South Eastern Norway (13%) 1.98 ± 0.80 2.10 ± 0.70 2.29 ± 0.79 2.11 ± 0.66 3.04 ± 0.80
Agder and Rogaland (12%) 2.08 ± 0.91 2.31 ± 0.71 2.28 ± 0.79 2.24 ± 0.69 3.01 ± 0.83
Western Norway (18%) 2.01 ± 0.85 2.25 ± 0.64 2.28 ± 0.79 2.13 ± 0.68 3.02 ± 0.69
Trøndelag (9%) 1.83 ± 0.73 2.14 ± 0.59 2.15 ± 0.68 2.00 ± 0.63 2.81 ± 0.82
Northern Norway (10%) 2.11 ± 0.85 2.32 ± 0.67 2.39 ± 0.70 2.18 ± 0.71 2.99 ± 0.67
MANOVA: λ = 0.96; F(30, 4982) = 1.63 *
ANOVA: F(6, 1249) = … n.s. 3.81 ** n.s. n.s. n.s.

a The analyses are performed on a sub-sample of respondents, i.e., all those who reported future intent for green exercise; b ANOVA was not performed because significance was not achieved in the multivariate test; c The smaller sample size is result of excluding respondents who answered that they “don’t know” what is their household income or “don’t want to answer”. PA status: LA = Low PA levels (<150 min/week); RA = Recommended PA levels (150–299 min/week); HA = High PA levels (≥300 min/week). * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.