Table 3.
Population Sub-Group (n Percent) | Perceived Factors That Promote Green Exercise (M ± SD) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Accessibility to Nature | Social Support | PA Supportive Places | Institutional Support | Time Flexibility | |
Weekly green exercise | |||||
No (34%) | 2.01 ± 0.86 | 2.22 ± 0.70 | 2.27 ± 0.81 | 2.09 ± 0.68 | 2.95 ± 0.80 |
Yes (66%) | 1.98 ± 0.81 | 2.17 ± 0.64 | 2.30 ± 0.74 | 2.13 ± 0.67 | 3.00 ± 0.74 |
MANOVA: n.s. | |||||
ANOVA b | - | - | - | - | - |
PA status | |||||
LA (40%) | 2.00 ± 0.85 | 2.14 ± 0.68 | 2.23 ± 0.78 | 2.11 ± 0.66 | 3.03 ± 0.71 |
RA (32%) | 1.98 ± 0.79 | 2.22 ± 0.63 | 2.30 ± 0.74 | 2.09 ± 0.65 | 2.99 ± 0.75 |
HA (28%) | 2.00 ± 0.84 | 2.20 ± 0.67 | 2.36 ± 0.77 | 2.14 ± 0.72 | 2.91 ± 0.83 |
MANOVA: λ = 0.98; F(10, 2498) = 2.40 ** | |||||
ANOVA: F(2, 1253) = … | n.s. | n.s. | 3.22 * | n.s. | n.s. |
Sex | |||||
Male (50%) | 1.91 ± 0.80 | 2.12 ± 0.65 | 2.25 ± 0.77 | 2.08 ± 0.68 | 2.90 ± 0.79 |
Female (50%) | 2.08 ± 0.84 | 2.25 ± 0.67 | 2.33 ± 0.76 | 2.15 ± 0.67 | 3.07 ± 0.71 |
MANOVA: λ = 0.98; F(5, 1250) = 5.96 *** | |||||
ANOVA: F(1, 1254) = … | 13.15 *** | 12.74 *** | n.s. | 3.94 * | 17.39 *** |
Age group | |||||
Young adults, 18–44 years (27%) | 1.95 ± 0.79 | 2.33 ± 0.63 | 2.28 ± 0.78 | 1.94 ± 0.68 | 2.97 ± 0.80 |
Mid-age adults, 45–64 years (52%) | 1.96 ± 0.81 | 2.16 ± 0.67 | 2.28 ± 0.76 | 2.14 ± 0.66 | 3.00 ± 0.74 |
Older adults, >65 years (21%) | 2.14 ± 0.89 | 2.05 ± 0.66 | 2.33 ± 0.75 | 2.29 ± 0.66 | 2.95 ± 0.75 |
MANOVA: λ = 0.92; F(10, 2498) = 11.15 *** | |||||
ANOVA: F(2, 1253) = … | 5.42 ** | 14.15 *** | n.s. | 21.05 *** | n.s. |
Educational level | |||||
Below upper secondary education (8%) | 2.31 ± 0.90 | 2.11 ± 0.65 | 2.37 ± 0.74 | 2.30 ± 0.74 | 3.05 ± 0.72 |
Upper secondary education (27%) | 2.04 ± 0.87 | 2.15 ± 0.67 | 2.21 ± 0.78 | 2.14 ± 0.68 | 3.02 ± 0.80 |
Higher education (47%) | 1.95 ± 0.77 | 2.21 ± 0.64 | 2.29 ± 0.73 | 2.11 ± 0.64 | 2.97 ± 0.73 |
Currently studying (18%) | 1.88 ± 0.84 | 2.22 ± 0.71 | 2.37 ± 0.83 | 2.01 ± 0.70 | 2.93 ± 0.79 |
MANOVA: λ = 0.95; F(15, 3445) = 4.77 ** | |||||
ANOVA: F(3, 1252) = … | 7.38 *** | n.s. | n.s. | 4.82 ** | n.s. |
Household income, 6 NOK ≈ 1 USD (n = 1151 c) | |||||
<399,000 (28%) | 2.09 ± 0.85 | 2.20 ± 0.68 | 2.32 ± 0.77 | 2.10 ± 0.69 | 2.98 ± 0.81 |
400,000–799,000 (33%) | 2.02 ± 0.84 | 2.19 ± 0.68 | 2.27 ± 0.75 | 2.17 ± 0.65 | 2.97 ± 0.74 |
>800,000 (39%) | 1.86 ± 0.76 | 2.15 ± 0.64 | 2.27 ± 0.77 | 2.06 ± 0.66 | 2.96 ± 0.75 |
MANOVA: λ = 0.98; F(10, 2286) = 2.74 ** | |||||
ANOVA: F(2, 1148) = … | 8.02 *** | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Living situation | |||||
Spouse or partner (72%) | 1.99 ± 0.83 | 2.16 ± 0.66 | 2.31 ± 0.76 | 2.14 ± 0.67 | 2.97 ± 0.75 |
Alone (25%) | 2.01 ± 0.83 | 2.24 ± 0.67 | 2.24 ± 0.78 | 2.06 ± 0.69 | 3.02 ± 0.76 |
Parents or friends (4%) | 1.94 ± 0.76 | 2.38 ± 0.65 | 2.30 ± 0.73 | 1.98 ± 0.73 | 2.89 ± 0.96 |
MANOVA: λ = 0.98; F(10, 2498) = 2.68 ** | |||||
ANOVA: F(2, 1153) = … | - | 3.92 * | - | - | - |
Small children at home | |||||
Yes (29%) | 1.94 ± 0.80 | 2.21 ± 0.65 | 2.29 ± 0.77 | 2.09 ± 0.65 | 2.97 ± 0.74 |
No (71%) | 2.01 ± 0.84 | 2.18 ± 0.67 | 2.29 ± 0.76 | 2.13 ± 0.69 | 2.99 ± 0.77 |
MANOVA: n.s. | |||||
ANOVA b | - | - | - | - | - |
Centrality | |||||
Large city (34%) | 2.01 ± 0.83 | 2.18 ± 0.65 | 2.27 ± 0.76 | 2.06 ± 0.68 | 2.98 ± 0.75 |
Small city (25%) | 2.05 ± 0.84 | 2.22 ± 0.64 | 2.35 ± 0.78 | 2.12 ± 0.69 | 2.97 ± 0.74 |
Small town/village (25%) | 1.97 ± 0.83 | 2.18 ± 0.71 | 2.30 ± 0.78 | 2.15 ± 0.68 | 2.99 ± 0.77 |
Country-side (16%) | 1.92 ± 0.79 | 2.15 ± 0.63 | 2.23 ± 0.72 | 2.18 ± 0.64 | 2.99 ± 0.79 |
MANOVA: n.s. | |||||
ANOVA b | - | - | - | - | - |
Region | |||||
Oslo and Akershus (29%) | 1.98 ± 0.81 | 2.13 ± 0.64 | 2.31 ± 0.76 | 2.06 ± 0.66 | 2.97 ± 0.75 |
Hedmark and Oppland (9%) | 1.90 ± 0.82 | 2.05 ± 0.66 | 2.30 ± 0.82 | 2.13 ± 0.71 | 2.97 ± 0.78 |
South Eastern Norway (13%) | 1.98 ± 0.80 | 2.10 ± 0.70 | 2.29 ± 0.79 | 2.11 ± 0.66 | 3.04 ± 0.80 |
Agder and Rogaland (12%) | 2.08 ± 0.91 | 2.31 ± 0.71 | 2.28 ± 0.79 | 2.24 ± 0.69 | 3.01 ± 0.83 |
Western Norway (18%) | 2.01 ± 0.85 | 2.25 ± 0.64 | 2.28 ± 0.79 | 2.13 ± 0.68 | 3.02 ± 0.69 |
Trøndelag (9%) | 1.83 ± 0.73 | 2.14 ± 0.59 | 2.15 ± 0.68 | 2.00 ± 0.63 | 2.81 ± 0.82 |
Northern Norway (10%) | 2.11 ± 0.85 | 2.32 ± 0.67 | 2.39 ± 0.70 | 2.18 ± 0.71 | 2.99 ± 0.67 |
MANOVA: λ = 0.96; F(30, 4982) = 1.63 * | |||||
ANOVA: F(6, 1249) = … | n.s. | 3.81 ** | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
a The analyses are performed on a sub-sample of respondents, i.e., all those who reported future intent for green exercise; b ANOVA was not performed because significance was not achieved in the multivariate test; c The smaller sample size is result of excluding respondents who answered that they “don’t know” what is their household income or “don’t want to answer”. PA status: LA = Low PA levels (<150 min/week); RA = Recommended PA levels (150–299 min/week); HA = High PA levels (≥300 min/week). * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.