Table 8.
Cost estimates for vitamin D–sensitive outcomes; within direct costs including morbidity and mortality and time lost from work.
| Outcome | Total direct costs ($M) | Total indirect costs ($M) | Total reported | Year | Total econ ($B) 2016** | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer | 6500 | 2010 | 7.3 | Ref. 44 | ||
| CVD | 20,900 | 2008 | 24.6 | Ref. 40 | ||
| Dementia | 16,200 | 2016 | 16.2 | Ref. 66 | ||
| DM | 12,000 | 3,000 | 15,000 | 2015 | 15.7 | Ref. 59 |
| MS | 3770 | 2009 | 3.7 | Ref. 62 | ||
| Osteoporosis | 3900 | 2010 | 5.0 | Ref. 68 | ||
| Respiratory infections | 2593 | 2818 | 5411 | 2008 | 6.1 | Ref. 55 |
| Total | 78.6 |
*, adjusted for inflation.
**adjusted for both population increases and consumer price index inflation.
CVD, cardiovascular disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; MS, multiple sclerosis.