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Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) with the same letter indicating no difference (P > 0.05). Note: p-ASK1, phosphorylated-apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1; p-JNK, phosphorylated-c-Jun N-terminal kinase; I/R, ischemia/reperfusion; NC, negative control; IGF-1, Insulin-like growth factor 1.
