Fig 1. Cardiovascular data and schematic illustration of vascular branching.

(a) Mouse lung micro-CT images processed by Angicart. (b) Human head and torso MRI images processed by Angicart. (c) Schematic illustration of the asymmetric branching geometry and labeling. Parent vessel with radius r₀ and length l₀ branches into two daughter vessels with radius r_i and length l_i with subscript i = 1 or 2. Branching angles, θ_i, are defined by the angle between the sides defined by the endpoints of the vessel pairs. Here, subscripts are determined by the non-adjacent vessel. (see Materials and Methods) (d) Optimization of local branching on a plane finds the optimal location of the branching junction J when the unshared endpoints (V_i) and the radii (r_i) are fixed (see General framework for branching angle optimization and asymmetry).