Table 4. Cox regression models for hospital care and criminality associated with substance misuse, by country of origin and gender (n = 960,651).

Gender	Swedish population	Criminal convictions		Hospital care
		HR 95% CI	HR 95% CI	HR 95% CI	HR 95% CI
		Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2
Men	Swedish population	1	1	1	1
	F. Yugoslavia	2.50 (2.21–2.82)	1.86 (1.64–2.11)	1.46 (1.19–1.79)	1.07 (0.88–1.32)
	Horn of Africa	6.67 (5.82–7.63)	4.19 (3.64–4.82)	2.84 (2.20–3.67)	1.77 (1.37–2.30)
	Iraq	1.94 (1.64–2.30)	1.09 (0.92–1.29)	1.35 (1.03–1.76)	0.73 (0.56–0.97)
	Iran	3.72 (3.02–4.60)	2.44 (1.97–3.01)	3.81 (2.49–4.93)	2.51 (1.93–3.25)
	Other	4.11 (3.70–4.58)	2.47 (2.21–2.76)	2.21 (1.84–2.66)	1.30 (1.08–1.57)
Women	Swedish population	1	1	1	1
	F. Yugoslavia	0.34 (0.17–0.76)	0.25 (0.12–0.53)	0.59 (0.37–0.96)	0.45 (0.28–0.73)
	Horn of Africa	1.67 (0.83–3.34)	0.95 (0.47–1.92)	0.97 (0.44–1.97)	0.61 (0.29–1.12)
	Iraq	0.37 (0.14–1.00)	0.18 (0.07–0.50)	0.56 (0.28–1.12)	0.32 (0.16–0.65)
	Iran	1.48 (0.61–3.56)	0.94 (0.39–2.26)	2.27 (1.29–3.40)	1.63 (0.92–2.86)
	Other	0.52 (0.24–1.08)	0.24 (0.11–0.55)	0.44 (0.22–0.84)	0.27 (0.14–0.53)

Model 1 adjusted for age and domicile; Model 2 adjusted for age, domicile and income. HR = hazard ratio, 95% CI = 95% confidence intervals