Fig. 4.

A: response of IC neurons to MNS before (solid line) vs. following (broken line: RCV VNS) preemptive right-sided (ipsilateral) bioelectric therapy. IC neurons were subclassified as convergent, afferent, or efferent LCNs (cf., Fig. 1). Convergent LCNs were the predominant population of neurons activated by MNS and the primary target for preemptive RCV neuromodulation therapy. B: impact of ipsilateral (right-sided) VNS therapy on the atrial arrhythmogenic potential to MNS, classified according to whether it prevented, blunted, or enhanced AF or exerted no effects. P < 0.05 from baseline (*) and control (sham VNS; #).