Table 5.

Random-effects regression coefficients of schooling outcomes, aged 6–17: MLSFH, 2006–2010

	Current School Attendance			Grade Attainment			Schooling Gap
Variables	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Child Characteristics
Divorced parents	–0.07** (0.02)	–0.04 (0.02)	–0.03 (0.02)	−0.20† (0.10)	−0.19† (0.10)	–0.22* (0.11)	0.21* (0.10)	0.22* (0.10)	0.23* (0.11)
Age
6–9 (ref.)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
10–13	0.08*** (0.01)	0.08*** (0.01)	0.08*** (0.01)	1.30*** (0.04)	1.31*** (0.04)	1.30*** (0.04)	1.00*** (0.04)	1.03*** (0.04)	1.05*** (0.04)
14–17	–0.01 (0.01)	–0.00 (0.01)	–0.01 (0.01)	2.85*** (0.07)	2.85*** (0.07)	2.85*** (0.07)	1.77*** (0.07)	1.83*** (0.07)	1.84*** (0.07)
Male	0.02† (0.01)	0.01 (0.01)	0.02 (0.01)	–0.08 (0.07)	–0.08 (0.07)	–0.05 (0.07)	0.26*** (0.06)	0.26*** (0.06)	0.24*** (0.07)
Ethnic group
Chewa (ref.)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Yao	−0.04† (0.02)	–0.05* (0.02)	–0.04 (0.03)	–0.40** (0.13)	–0.41** (0.13)	–0.43** (0.14)	0.29* (0.13)	0.30* (0.13)	0.34* (0.14)
Tumbuka	0.03† (0.02)	0.03* (0.02)	0.04* (0.02)	0.85*** (0.11)	0.82*** (0.10)	0.82*** (0.11)	–0.54*** (0.10)	–0.52*** (0.10)	–0.51*** (0.11)
Other	0.02 (0.02)	0.01 (0.02)	0.01 (0.02)	0.09 (0.14)	0.08 (0.14)	0.03 (0.16)	0.01 (0.14)	0.03 (0.14)	0.06 (0.15)
General health status
Excellent or very good (ref.)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Good	–0.01 (0.01)	–0.02 (0.01)	–0.01 (0.01)	0.06 (0.05)	0.06 (0.05)	0.03 (0.05)	0.02 (0.04)	0.02 (0.04)	0.03 (0.05)
Poor or very poor	−0.08† (0.05)	−0.08† (0.04)	−0.09† (0.05)	−0.24† (0.13)	−0.24† (0.14)	–0.30* (0.15)	–0.13 (0.13)	–0.15 (0.13)	–0.23 (0.15)
Maternal coresidence		0.12*** (0.02)	0.11*** (0.02)		–0.21** (0.07)	–0.21** (0.08)		0.14* (0.07)	0.15* (0.08)
Mother Characteristics
Knows she is HIV positive	–0.02 (0.04)	–0.01 (0.04)	–0.01 (0.05)	0.09 (0.16)	0.09 (0.16)	0.07 (0.16)	–0.05 (0.13)	–0.04 (0.13)	–0.05 (0.14)
Number of children <15 years in household	0.01* (0.00)	0.00 (0.00)	0.01 (0.00)	–0.05* (0.02)	–0.04* (0.02)	–0.04* (0.02)	0.04* (0.02)	0.03† (0.02)	0.04† (0.02)
Educational attainment
None (ref.)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Some primary	0.12*** (0.02)	0.12*** (0.02)	0.12*** (0.02)	0.38** (0.12)	0.33** (0.11)	0.28* (0.13)	–0.30* (0.12)	–0.26* (0.12)	−0.23† (0.13)
Completed primary	0.17*** (0.02)	0.16*** (0.02)	0.16*** (0.03)	0.64*** (0.17)	0.59*** (0.16)	0.50** (0.18)	–0.70*** (0.16)	–0.65*** (0.16)	–0.60*** (0.17)
Secondary or more	0.16*** (0.03)	0.16*** (0.03)	0.16*** (0.03)	0.94*** (0.20)	0.84*** (0.20)	0.84*** (0.23)	–1.43*** (0.17)	–1.34*** (0.17)	–1.29*** (0.19)
Radio		0.01 (0.01)	0.00 (0.02)		0.02 (0.05)	–0.00 (0.05)		0.02 (0.05)	0.02 (0.05)
Bicycle		0.03* (0.01)	0.04** (0.01)		0.05 (0.05)	0.07 (0.05)		0.01 (0.05)	–0.02 (0.05)
Metal roof		0.02 (0.01)	0.01 (0.01)		0.29*** (0.07)	0.29*** (0.07)		–0.25*** (0.07)	–0.24*** (0.07)
Psychological well-being			–0.00** (0.00)			0.00 (0.00)			–0.00 (0.00)
Year
2006 (ref.)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2008	–0.01 (0.01)	–0.01 (0.01)	–0.01 (0.01)	0.07* (0.04)	0.04 (0.04)	0.05 (0.04)	0.69*** (0.04)	0.69*** (0.04)	0.69*** (0.04)
2010	–0.00 (0.01)	–0.00 (0.01)	–0.01 (0.02)	0.42*** (0.05)	0.37*** (0.05)	0.38*** (0.05)	1.15*** (0.05)	1.17*** (0.05)	1.16*** (0.05)
Constant	0.73*** (0.03)	0.61*** (0.04)	0.71*** (0.06)	1.30*** (0.15)	1.43*** (0.18)	1.41*** (0.24)	0.55*** (0.15)	0.39* (0.17)	0.46* (0.23)
N (number of children)	1,954	1,954	1,709	1,829	1,829	1,601	1,490	1,490	1,312

Note: Robust standard errors, clustered at mother level to account for correlation between siblings, are shown in parentheses.

^†p < .10;

^*p < .05;

^**p< .01;

^***p < .001