Table 1.
Key metabolic properties of EPC, EC/BMEC.
| EPC | EC, BMEC | |
|---|---|---|
| Basal glycolytic rate and lactate production | High | High, particularly in phalanx and stalk cells |
| Glycolytic rate and lactate production upon stimulatory conditions (expansion, mobilization, migration) | Elevated (not more than 2-fold) | Elevated in tip and stalk cells, suppressed when branching is reduced |
| Mitochondrial number and OXPHOS intensity | Low mitochondrial mass, immature mitochondrial morphology; low OXPHOS | High mitochondrial mass in BMEC comparing to EC in other tissues; OXPHOS is less notable than glycolysis |
| Mitochondrial number and OXPHOS intensity upon stimulatory conditions (expansion, mobilization, migration) | Up-regulated | Up-regulated |
| Mitochondrial ROS production upon basal and stimulatory conditions (expansion, mobilization, migration) | Up-regulated upon EPC stimulation but the antioxidant activity is high | Low in quiescent cells but up-regulated in branching angiogenesis |
| Utilization of ketone bodies | High | High at the earliest stages of ontogenesis |
| Fatty acid oxidation | Relatively low, elevated in stimulatory conditions | High, particularly in low glucose conditions |
| Pentose phosphate pathways activity | Low | High |
| Lactate-mediated effects | Stimulates migration and differentiation | Stimulates angiogenesis |
| Physiological and biochemical heterogeneity | High | Low |
Based on the integrated data presented in Oldendorf et al., 1977; Dernbach et al., 2004; Milovanova et al., 2008b; Fraisl et al., 2009; Freeman and Keller, 2012; De Bock et al., 2013; Goligorsky, 2014; Harjes et al., 2014; Tang et al., 2014; Xu et al., 2014; Salmina et al., 2015; Schoors et al., 2015.