Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants (max N = 309)
| Total Sample M ± SD or N(%) |
Adherent Max n = 165 |
Non-adherent Max n = 144 |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic, Medical, and Psychosocial Factors (Possible Range) | |||
| Age | 68.5 ± 9.6 | 69.6 ± 8.9 | 67.2 ± 10.2* |
| Female | 122 (39.5) | 62 (37.6) | 60 (41.7) |
| Race-ethnicity | |||
| Caucasian | 227 (73.5) | 131 (79.4) | 96 (66.7)* |
| African American | 79 (25.7) | 33 (20.0) | 46 (31.9)* |
| American Indian | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.4) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) |
| Education Level | |||
| 8th Grade or Less | 5 (1.6) | 2 (1.2) | 3 (2.1) |
| 9–11th Grade | 29 (9.4) | 12 (7.3) | 17 (11.8) |
| High School | 88 (28.5) | 50 (30.3) | 38 (26.4) |
| Technical or Trade School | 31 (10.0) | 17 (10.3) | 14 (9.7) |
| Some College | 85 (27.5) | 43 (26.1) | 42 (29.2) |
| Bachelor’s Degree | 42 (13.6) | 26 (15.8) | 16 (11.1) |
| Master’s Degree | 29 (9.4) | 15 (9.1) | 14 (9.7) |
| SES z-score | 0.09 ± 4.2 | 0.8 ± 4.1 | −0.7 ± 4.3* |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index† (0-no max) | 3.3 ± 1.7 | 3.3 ± 1.6 | 3.3 ± 1.8 |
| Medication Regimen Complexity Index (1.5-no max) | 22.6 ± 12.5 | 21.8 ± 12.1 | 23.6 ± 13.0 |
| Self-reported HF Severity at Baseline (NYHA) | |||
| Class I | 29 (9.4) | 18 (10.9) | 11 (7.6) |
| Class II | 77 (24.9) | 46 (27.9) | 31 (21.5) |
| Class III | 188 (60.8) | 98 (59.4) | 90 (62.5) |
| Class IV | 15 (4.9) | 3 (1.8) | 12 (8.3)* |
| Depressive Symptoms (PHQ-9) (0–27) | 4.5 ± 4.9 | 3.8 ± 4.5 | 5.3 ± 5.2* |
| Anxiety Symptoms (PROMIS-Anxiety) (5–35) | 13.0 ± 5.3 | 12.4 ± 5.1 | 13.6 ± 5.5 |
| Social Support (MSPSS) (12–84) | 69.1 ± 14.5 | 71.2 ± 12.0 | 66.7 ± 16.6* |
| Medical Term Recognition Test (METER) (0–40) | 35.5 ± 6.1 | 36.1 ± 5.1 | 34.7 ± 7.0* |
| Global Cognition Impaired (3MS < 90) (0–100) | 89 (29.0) | 48 (29.1) | 41 (28.9) |
| Cognitive Function T-scores (20–80) | |||
| Attention Composite | 44.9 ± 7.4 | 46.0 ± 7.1 | 43.7 ± 7.5* |
| Trails A | 42.8 ± 10.2 | 43.3 ± 9.9 | 42.1 ± 10.4 |
| Letter-Number Sequencing | 47.3 ± 10.4 | 49.1 ± 10.2 | 45.2 ± 10.2* |
| Stroop Color | 45.8 ± 9.5 | 46.7 ± 8.8 | 44.7 ± 10.2 |
| Stroop Word | 43.4 ± 9.5 | 44.8 ± 9.0 | 41.7 ± 9.7* |
| Executive Function Composite | 46.3 ± 7.9 | 47.3 ± 7.8 | 45.1 ± 7.9* |
| Trails B | 41.9 ± 11.9 | 44.2 ± 11.3 | 39.2 ± 12.1* |
| Frontal Assessment Battery | 51.0 ± 8.2 | 51.5 ± 8.3 | 50.4 ± 8.0 |
| Stroop Color-Word | 45.5 ± 10.1 | 45.8 ± 10.2 | 45.1 ± 9.9 |
| Memory Composite | 47.7 ± 8.0 | 48.9 ± 8.0 | 46.3 ± 7.7* |
| Hits | 48.9 ± 9.0 | 49.6 ± 9.2 | 48.0 ± 8.7 |
| Short Delay | 45.4 ± 11.0 | 47.5 ± 10.8 | 43.0 ± 10.9* |
| Long Delay | 47.1 ± 9.6 | 48.6 ± 9.8 | 45.4 ± 8.9* |
| Learning Over Time | 49.2 ± 11.1 | 49.9 ± 11.1 | 48.5 ± 11.0 |
| Medication Adherence Variables | |||
| Average 21-Day Adherence (0–100%) | 73.0 ± 25.4 | 92.1 ± 6.4 | 51.0 ± 20.7* |
| Patients Not Adherent (< 80% Adherence) | 144 (46.6) | -- | -- |
Note. SES = socioeconomic status. HF = heart failure. NYHA = New York Heart Association. PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire-9. PROMIS-Anxiety = Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Anxiety Scale. MSPSS = Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Means and standard deviations are presented for continuous variables. Sample size and percentages are presented for categorical variables.
Most common comorbidities reported on the Charlson and corresponding % of participants: myocardial infarction (51.3%), diabetes (44.1%), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COPD (27.4%).
T-test or chi-square difference test between adherent and non-adherent groups significant at p < .05