Table 1.
Patient characteristics of all patients and comparison between survivors and non-survivors
| All patients N = 491 |
Survivors1
(n = 299) |
Non-survivors1
(n = 165) |
P value survivors vs. non-survivors | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean/median/n | SD/IQR/% | Mean/median/n | SD/IQR/% | Mean/median/n | SD/IQR/% | ||
| Age, years | 58 | ±18 | 55 | ±18 | 67 | ±14 | <0.001 |
| Sex, male, n (%) | 305 | 62% | 191 | 64% | 93 | 56% | 0.135 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.2 | ±4.3 | 25.5 | ±4.4 | 24.6 | ±4.3 | 0.042 |
| Underweight2, n (%) | 19 | 4.1% | 11 | 3.7% | 8 | 4.8% | 0.291 |
| Normal weight2, n (%) | 238 | 51.3% | 145 | 48.5% | 93 | 56.4% | |
| Overweight2, n (%) | 158 | 34.1% | 108 | 36.1% | 50 | 30.3% | |
| Obesity2, n (%) | 49 | 10.6% | 35 | 11.7% | 14 | 8.5% | |
| APACHE II score | 24 | ±8 | 22 | ±8 | 27 | ±8 | <0.001 |
| Admission category, n (%) | 0.001 | ||||||
| Medical | 248 | 50.5% | 130 | 43% | 102 | 62% | |
| Surgical | 243 | 49.5% | 169 | 57% | 63 | 38% | |
| Admission diagnosis, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Cardiovascular | 32 | 6.5% | 18a | 6.0% | 14a | 8.5% | |
| Metabolic/renal | 15 | 3.1% | 8a | 2.7% | 6a | 3.6% | |
| Neurologic | 41 | 8.4% | 19a | 6.4% | 16a | 9.7% | |
| Post-resuscitation | 28 | 5.7% | 16a | 5.4% | 11a | 6.7% | |
| Post-surgery | 149 | 30.3% | 95a | 31.8% | 50a | 30.3% | |
| Respiratory insufficiency | 68 | 13.8% | 40a | 13.4% | 25a | 15.2% | |
| Sepsis | 31 | 6.3% | 14a | 4.7% | 15a | 9.1% | |
| Trauma | 94 | 19.1% | 74a | 24.7% | 13b | 7.9% | |
| Other | 33 | 6.7% | 15a | 5.0% | 15a | 9.1% | |
| Length of hospital stay before ICU admission, days | 0 | 0–4 | 0 | 0–4 | 0 | 0–6 | 0.166 |
| Time from ICU admission to CT scan, days | 0 | 0–1 | 0 | 0–1 | 0 | 0–1 | 0.277 |
| Skeletal muscle area, cm2 | 136.5 | ±39.0 | 143.5 | ±38.9 | 120.3 | ±33.0 | <0.001 |
| Skeletal muscle index, cm2/m2 | 44.8 | ±11.0 | 46.6 | ±10.6 | 40.4 | ±9.9 | <0.001 |
| Low skeletal muscle area3, n (%) | 312 | 63.5% | 163 | 54.5% | 137 | 83.0% | <0.001 |
| SMD, HU | 29.9 | ±11.7 | 31.4 | ±11.7 | 25.1 | ±9.4 | <0.001 |
| IMAT, cm2 | 13.6 | 8.4–24.3 | 13.3 | 7.9–23.2 | 17.1 | 10.5–27.1 | 0.004 |
| Visceral adipose tissue, cm2 (n = 337) | 96.7 | 49.3–170.6 | 95.8 | 50.9–178.1 | 108.1 | 54.1–177.5 | 0.593 |
| Subcutaneous adipose tissue, cm2 (n = 337) | 132.7 | 90.2–182.4 | 133.7 | 89.8–189.2 | 127.7 | 95.7–176.2 | 0.440 |
1Survivors and non-survivors 6 months after ICU admission
2WHO categories: underweight, BMI <18.5; normal weight: BMI 18.5–24.9; overweight: BMI 25–29.9; obesity: BMI ≥30 [42]
3Defined by skeletal muscle area: <170 cm2 for males and <110 cm2 for females [9]
a, bValues in the same row not sharing the same superscript letter are significantly different in a post-hoc Bonferroni analysis
Values in bold indicate statistically significant p values
APACHE Acute Physiological, Age, and Chronic Health Evaluation, BMI, body mass index, CT computed tomography, HU Hounsfield Units, ICU intensive care unit, IMAT intermuscular adipose tissue, IQR interquartile range, SD standard deviation, SMD skeletal muscle density